NURS 5315: ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026/27 UTA EXAM
1-5 LATEST GUARANTEED PASS
What is the main plasma protein?
Albumin (negative charge). Buffers h+ (positive charge). Binds
calcium (about 40%).
What does a decreased plasma oncotic pressure mean?
Results from losses or diminished production of plasma
albumin. Causes fluid to move into the interstitial space,
resulting in edema.
Ast and alt are related to which organ?
Liver
Valve malfunction can cause what?
Ventricular hypertrophy
Page 1 of 38
,Metabolic alkalosis can cause what?
Hypoglycemia
Osmolality
Measure of a solute concentration in a solution. Higher
number of solutes in a compartment = higher concentration
and less water
Osmosis
Movement of water from low concentration to high
concentration
Osmotic pressure
Amount of pressure or force that is exerted by solute
molecules of a given compartment. Pulls water into a higher
concentration. Higher osmolality = higher osmotic pressure
Page 2 of 38
,Hydrostatic pressure
Force within a fluid compartment. Pushes fluid outside of
compartment (opposes osmosis).
Ex. Blood pressure
Oncotic pressure
Force that keeps water/fluid within a compartment. Pulls.
Antidiuretic hormone
Vasopressin. Secreted by pituitary gland in response to water
deficit, sodium excess, or low bp. Causes kidneys to reabsorb
water thus increasing intervascular/plasma fluid.
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (raas)
Activated by low blood volume. Low blood volume --> renin -->
angiotensinogen --> angiotensin 1 --> ace (angiotensin
converting enzyme) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 --
>causes arterial vasoconstriction --> release of aldosterone --
> renal na+ and h2o reabsorption and k+ excretion.
Page 3 of 38
, Produces less urine and blood volume increases.
Manages bp - when body constricts, bp increases
Normal plasma osmolality
280-295 mosm/kg
Natriuretic hormones
Anp and bnp. Hormones released from the heart to decrease
blood volume by promoting urinary excretion of na+ and h2o.
Decreases blood volume. Opposite of raas.
How does a hypertonic solution alter osmolality?
Increases solute concentration, causing increased osmolality.
Causes cells to shrink.
How does a hypotonic solution alter osmolality?
Page 4 of 38
1-5 LATEST GUARANTEED PASS
What is the main plasma protein?
Albumin (negative charge). Buffers h+ (positive charge). Binds
calcium (about 40%).
What does a decreased plasma oncotic pressure mean?
Results from losses or diminished production of plasma
albumin. Causes fluid to move into the interstitial space,
resulting in edema.
Ast and alt are related to which organ?
Liver
Valve malfunction can cause what?
Ventricular hypertrophy
Page 1 of 38
,Metabolic alkalosis can cause what?
Hypoglycemia
Osmolality
Measure of a solute concentration in a solution. Higher
number of solutes in a compartment = higher concentration
and less water
Osmosis
Movement of water from low concentration to high
concentration
Osmotic pressure
Amount of pressure or force that is exerted by solute
molecules of a given compartment. Pulls water into a higher
concentration. Higher osmolality = higher osmotic pressure
Page 2 of 38
,Hydrostatic pressure
Force within a fluid compartment. Pushes fluid outside of
compartment (opposes osmosis).
Ex. Blood pressure
Oncotic pressure
Force that keeps water/fluid within a compartment. Pulls.
Antidiuretic hormone
Vasopressin. Secreted by pituitary gland in response to water
deficit, sodium excess, or low bp. Causes kidneys to reabsorb
water thus increasing intervascular/plasma fluid.
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (raas)
Activated by low blood volume. Low blood volume --> renin -->
angiotensinogen --> angiotensin 1 --> ace (angiotensin
converting enzyme) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 --
>causes arterial vasoconstriction --> release of aldosterone --
> renal na+ and h2o reabsorption and k+ excretion.
Page 3 of 38
, Produces less urine and blood volume increases.
Manages bp - when body constricts, bp increases
Normal plasma osmolality
280-295 mosm/kg
Natriuretic hormones
Anp and bnp. Hormones released from the heart to decrease
blood volume by promoting urinary excretion of na+ and h2o.
Decreases blood volume. Opposite of raas.
How does a hypertonic solution alter osmolality?
Increases solute concentration, causing increased osmolality.
Causes cells to shrink.
How does a hypotonic solution alter osmolality?
Page 4 of 38
