NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE .
,1. What is Pathophysiology ✔✔ Correct answer is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and
disease process of the human body.
2. What 4 things does pathophysiology include? ✔✔ Correct answer Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifesta-tions, and Treatment
Implications
3. What is etiology ✔✔ Correct answer study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
4. What is pathogenesis? ✔✔ Correct answer development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
5. What are clinical manifestations? ✔✔ Correct answer Signs and symptoms of disorder.
6. What are treatment implications? ✔✔ Correct answer Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical mani-festations to determine the best
treatment of condition per individual.
7. What are signs? ✔✔ Correct answer Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
8. What are symptoms? ✔✔ Correct answer Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
9. What is objective data ✔✔ Correct answer What you observe and can measure.
10. What are examples of objective data? ✔✔ Correct answer rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
11. What is subjective data? ✔✔ Correct answer What the patient may report to you
12. What are examples of subjective data? ✔✔ Correct answer pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
13. What is epidemiology? ✔✔ Correct answer study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in
people.
14. What are the levels of disease prevention? ✔✔ Correct answer Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
15. Explain Primary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people.
16. Examples of Primary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer Vaccinations and Handwashing
17. Explain Secondary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of dis-ease to catch disease early
before it spreads
18. Examples of Secondary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammo-gram
19. Explain Tertiary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has
the condition
20. Examples of Tertiary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to
prevent pressure ulcers.
, 21. What is homeostasis? ✔✔ Correct answer a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in
functioning. Stable.
22. What is allostasis? ✔✔ Correct answer ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example ✔
✔ Correct answer sweating to lower ones body temp.
23. Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome ✔✔ Correct answer alarm, resistance, exhaustion
24. Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome ✔✔ Correct answer Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to
stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given ott by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give
the organs energy to work.
25. Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome ✔✔ Correct answer the activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
26. Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome ✔✔ Correct answer Occurs when the
stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and
damaged that can lead to disease or death.
27. What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from gener-
al adaptation syndrome? ✔✔ Correct answer disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection,
and heart disease.
28. Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome ✔✔ Correct answer Corticotrophin
releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
29. Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage ✔✔ Correct answer activates the sympathetic
nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
30. Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage ✔✔ Correct answer helps to slow down certain organs such as the GI
and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
31. Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage ✔✔ Correct answer Stimulates the fight or flight response by increasing
heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
32. Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage ✔✔ Correct answer released by ACTH reaching the adrenal
cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
33. Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response ✔✔ Correct answer Pupils dilate,
salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
EXAM 1 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE .
,1. What is Pathophysiology ✔✔ Correct answer is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and
disease process of the human body.
2. What 4 things does pathophysiology include? ✔✔ Correct answer Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifesta-tions, and Treatment
Implications
3. What is etiology ✔✔ Correct answer study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
4. What is pathogenesis? ✔✔ Correct answer development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
5. What are clinical manifestations? ✔✔ Correct answer Signs and symptoms of disorder.
6. What are treatment implications? ✔✔ Correct answer Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical mani-festations to determine the best
treatment of condition per individual.
7. What are signs? ✔✔ Correct answer Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
8. What are symptoms? ✔✔ Correct answer Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
9. What is objective data ✔✔ Correct answer What you observe and can measure.
10. What are examples of objective data? ✔✔ Correct answer rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
11. What is subjective data? ✔✔ Correct answer What the patient may report to you
12. What are examples of subjective data? ✔✔ Correct answer pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
13. What is epidemiology? ✔✔ Correct answer study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in
people.
14. What are the levels of disease prevention? ✔✔ Correct answer Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
15. Explain Primary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people.
16. Examples of Primary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer Vaccinations and Handwashing
17. Explain Secondary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of dis-ease to catch disease early
before it spreads
18. Examples of Secondary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammo-gram
19. Explain Tertiary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has
the condition
20. Examples of Tertiary Prevention ✔✔ Correct answer Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to
prevent pressure ulcers.
, 21. What is homeostasis? ✔✔ Correct answer a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in
functioning. Stable.
22. What is allostasis? ✔✔ Correct answer ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example ✔
✔ Correct answer sweating to lower ones body temp.
23. Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome ✔✔ Correct answer alarm, resistance, exhaustion
24. Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome ✔✔ Correct answer Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to
stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given ott by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give
the organs energy to work.
25. Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome ✔✔ Correct answer the activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
26. Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome ✔✔ Correct answer Occurs when the
stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and
damaged that can lead to disease or death.
27. What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from gener-
al adaptation syndrome? ✔✔ Correct answer disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection,
and heart disease.
28. Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome ✔✔ Correct answer Corticotrophin
releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
29. Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage ✔✔ Correct answer activates the sympathetic
nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
30. Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage ✔✔ Correct answer helps to slow down certain organs such as the GI
and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
31. Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage ✔✔ Correct answer Stimulates the fight or flight response by increasing
heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
32. Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage ✔✔ Correct answer released by ACTH reaching the adrenal
cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
33. Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response ✔✔ Correct answer Pupils dilate,
salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
