SPCE 630 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PASS AT FIRST ATTEMPT

Parametric Analysis - correct answers A parametric analysis allows for an examination of one independent variable at different levels or amounts . Randomization - correct answers A method based on chance alone by which study participants are assigned to a treatment group . It minimizes the differences among groups by equally distributing people with particular characteristics among all the trial arms . Clinical Significance - correct answers Improved functioning as determined by measured improvement in observable behaviors to an amount that is meaningful . Baseline Data - correct answers A measurement of the behavior taken before interventions are started . Percentage of Non Overlapping Data Points ( PND ) - correct answers An approach used to determine effect sizes or the effectiveness of treatments . PND is calculated by dividing the number of data points in intervention that lie above / below the extreme value during baseline by the total number of data points in the intervention phase multiplied by 100 . Carryover Effects - correct answers The extent to which a prior condition may impact the dependent variable within the current condition . Sequence Effects - correct answers The extent to which the order of the conditions may impact the dependent variable . Type I Error - correct answers Occurs when we incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis . This leads one to conclude that a supposed effect or relationship exists when it doesn't . A false positive . Type II Error - correct answers Occurs when we fail to reject a false null hypothesis . This leads one to conclude that there was not an effect or relationship , when there was . A false negative Withdrawal Design - correct answers Repeated introduction and removal of the independent variable within a participant and target behavior . The standard design is ABAB ( strongest ) but variations also exist [ e.g. , ABA ( moderate strength ) , BAB ( least strength ) ] . Reversal Design - correct answers Allows for a comparison of the effects of two interventions ( i.e. , independent variables ) through alternation of IVs across phases and examination of the dependent variable . This design typically begins with a baseline phase and then proceeds to replications of IVs such as ABCBC Multiple Baseline Design - correct answers Baseline data are collected simultaneously across multiple tiers / baselines and the independent variable is systematically introduced in a staggered fashion across the tiers / baselines . The tier or baseline can represent participants , behaviors , or settings . Multiple Probe Design - correct answers Baseline data are collected consecutively for tier 1 , while data are collected only during probes across subsequent phases . Multielement Design - correct answers Rapid alternation of interventions within a participant / group that allows for the comparison of the interventions to one another . This design is also referred to as the alternating treatments design . Changing Criterion Design - correct answers Includes a baseline phase and an intervention phase that includes subphases . The subphases reflect stepwise changes of the performance criterion . This design is best for behaviors that are within the individual's repertoire but not at the optimal level and must be shaped over time . Component Analysis - correct answers Systematic analysis of two or more independent variables that make up a treatment package . Parametric Analysis - correct answers treatment package . A parametric analysis allows for an examination of one independent variable at different levels or amounts . Variability - correct answers The range or the spread of the data within a phase . This can also be considered the standard deviation of the data along the best - fit line . Immediacy of Effect - correct answers Magnitude of change in level between the end of a phase and the beginning of another . Overlap - correct answers another . Amount of data from one phase that " overlaps " or occurs within the range ( around the best - fit line ) of the data from another phase . Less overlap ( i.e. , more separation ) is representative of a stronger effect . Functional Relation - correct answers A relationship that exists when the independent variable causes changes in the dependent variable . A functional relation is evidence of experimental control . Experimental Control - correct answers Documented when a basic effect is observed three times for one participant , within a participant ( intrasubject replication ) , or across different participants ( intersubject replication ) . Basic Effect - correct answers Demonstrated when the predicted change in the dependent variable occurs when the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher . Baseline Logic - correct answers The basis for experimental reasoning used within applied behavior analysis which includes prediction , verification , and replication . Replication - correct answers replication . Reliability , utility , and honesty of science are demonstrated through repetition of experimental manipulations . Case Study - correct answers An experimental design that includes two phases , A and B. This design may also be referred to as pre - experimental design or A - B design . It does not allow for a demonstration of experimental control Withdrawal Design - correct answers Repeated introduction and removal of the independent variable within a participant and target behavior . The standard design is ABAB ( strongest ) but variations also exist e.g. , ABA ( moderate strength ) , BAB ( least strength ) ] . Reliability - correct answers Degree to which an assessment tool produces consistent measurements .