4/20/26, 7:49 NU 606~Exam 3~Advanced Pathophysiology: Gould's Pathophysiology 6th - Ch 12,13,25,26 F
AM
NU 606 Exam 3 Advanced Pathophysiology (Gould’s Pathophysiology 6th Ed.)
Chapters 12, 13, 25 & 26 Complete Study Guide, Exam Questions and Answers.
Describe four general treatment measures for dietary modification;
cardiac disorders. exercise program;
cessation of smoking;
drug therapy
3. Identify ten risk factors for developing •age—cannot be changed
atherosclerosis. Indicate which ones are •gender—cannot be changed
modifiable and which ones are not. Note that •genetic or familial factors—cannot be changed
these are the same risk factors for heart disease. •obesity—modifiable
•cigarette smoking—modifiable
•sedentary lifestyle—modifiable
•diabetes mellitus—modifiable
•poorly controlled hypertension—modifiable
•oral contraceptives and smoking in combination— modifiable
•high cholesterol and hypertension—modifiable
Describe the process of atheroma formation, from the • Endothelial injury happens in the artery, often at a
young age. initial fatty streaks in the arterial wall intima to a • Inflammation and elevation of C-reactive
protein develop.
complicated plaque. • White blood cells, especially monocytes and macrophages, accumulate.
•Lipid accumulates in the intima or inner lining of the artery and
media or muscle layer.
.
• A plaque forms, and inflammation persists.
•Platelets adhere to damaged surface, forming a thrombus and partial
obstruction.
•Lipid continues to build up at the site of injury, along with fibrous tissue
(atheroma)
•Platelets adhere and prostaglandins release, causing further
inflammation and vasospasm.
•Process continues with larger thrombus formation, potential for
total occlusion, and possibility of embolism.
Describe the significance of plaque formation, Development of atheromatous plaques narrows the lumen of arteries
including five potential complications of restricting flow, causing turbulence, thrombus formation, and potential
atherosclerosis. embolism. The
atheroma also damages the arterial wall, weakening the structure and
decreasing elasticity, and ultimately may calcify, causing further
rigidity.
Complications include: 1) thrombus formation, with partial (angina) or
2) total occlusion, precipitating a myocardial infarction, 3) embolism
and infarction (stroke and peripheral vascular damage), 4) aneurysm,
or 5) rupture and hemorrhage.
Which vessels are affected by atherosclerosis? primarily large arteries particularly at bifurcations—aorta, coronary, iliac,
carotids
Describe common therapeutic interventions, to i. Maintain weight at healthy levels to reduce the risk for metabolic
include lifestyle changes, used in the treatment of syndrome, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
atherosclerosis. ii. Lower serum cholesterol and LDL in diet by reducing the intake of
saturated fats and using unsaturated or vegetable oils; high dietary
fiber intake also decreases LDL.
iii. Minimize sodium intake to control hypertension.
iv.Control primary disorders such as diabetes and hypertension.
v. Cease smoking.
vi. Exercise appropriate for age and health status to promote collateral
circulation and reduce LDL levels.
vii.Oral anticoagulant therapy can be used in case of thrombus
formation concern.
viii.Surgical intervention may be necessary.
antilipidemics or lipid-lowering drugs lower cholesterol and LDL levels
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12132526-flash-cards/
,4/20/26, 7:49 NU 606~Exam 3~Advanced Pathophysiology: Gould's Pathophysiology 6th - Ch 12,13,25,26 F
AM
antihypertensives help decrease cardiac workload
What type of surgical interventions can be used in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA);
advanced atheromas? coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); laser
angioplasty
Define angina pectoris Chest pain resulting from a myocardial oxygen demand that is not met
by adequate oxygen supply; seen in patient with myocardial ischemia
What is the underlying pathology involved in •when there is decreased blood supply (oxygen) to the heart, due to
angina pectoris? either arterial obstruction or spasm or
•when there is increased demand for oxygen by the heart or
•when there is a combination of factor
Identify disorders that may cause or predispose an atherosclerosis arteriosclerosis vasospasm myocardial hypertrophy
severe anemias individual to angina. respiratory disease
What is the most serious complication of angina myocardial infarction
pectoris?
smoking a cigarette or being exposed to smoke causes vasoconstriction, leading to increased venous return and
secondhand smoke increased heart rate
going from a warm environment into the cold vasoconstriction, leading to increased venous return and increased heart
rate
engaging in an argument or other stressful behavior sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate
exercise, such as climbing a flight of stairs or increases heart rate due to increased O2 demands
rushing to catch a bus
Describe the classic manifestations of an anginal attack. The classic manifestations are recurrent, intermittent brief episodes
of substernal What is the usual duration of an anginal attack? chest pain, described as a tightness or pressure that may
radiate to the neck or left
arm. An anginal attack usually lasts a few seconds or minutes
What type of drug is used to treat an acute anginal Coronary vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin, act by reducing systemic
attack? Explain how these drugs relieve chest pain. resistance, thus decreasing the demand for oxygen. Some vasodilators
also relieve arterial vasospasm. Nitroglycerin has an immediate onset
of action.
how would to administer nitroglycerin? sublingual
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, 4/20/26, 7:49 NU 606~Exam 3~Advanced Pathophysiology: Gould's Pathophysiology 6th - Ch 12,13,25,26 F
AM
Outline the management of an anginal attack. 1. let pt rest, stop activity
2. seat pt in an UPRIGHT position
3. give nitroglycerine sublingually
4. check pulse and respiration
5. give oxygen if necessary
6. for a pt with known angina the AHA recommends a second dose of ntg
if pain persists for more than 5 minutes. After 3 doses w/in a 10 minute
period and no relief it should be treated as MI. Call for emergency
medical intervention
7. For pt w/o hx of angina emergency medical aid should be sought
after 2 minutes w/o relief
When should emergency medical services (EMS) •if pain is not relieved with rest and administration of three doses of
be requested? nitroglycerin spaced 5 minutes apart (i.e., after 10 minutes)
•for individual with no history of angina, if pain is unrelieved within 2
minutes
List other types of medication that might be •antihypertensive to lower blood pressure and cardiac workload
prescribed for an individual with angina, and •diuretic to help control blood pressure and prevent edema
explain the rationale for each. •platelet inhibitor to lower platelet aggregation and the chance
of thrombus formation
•antihyperlidemic to lower blood cholesterol and LDL levels and
hopefully slow or arrest progression of atherosclerosis
Identify surgical interventions that might be used angioplasty and stent insertion; coronary bypass graft
in the treatment of angina.
Describe nonpharmacologic interventions that • Avoid situations known to precipitates attacks (e.g., stress).
could help to control angina. •Stop smoking.
•Consume diet low in saturated and trans-fats.
•Restrict sodium intake.
•Lose weight if overweight.
•Engage in a consistent exercise program.
•Reduce stress.
A patient states that he has angina pectoris. Identify How long has the individual had
additional information that should be obtained angina? How frequent are the
from this individual. attacks?
When was the last one?
What are the known precipitating factors?
What is the individual's response to
nitroglycerin? Does the individual have
nitroglycerin with him or her?
Identify measures that would help decrease the •stress reduction—explanations and reassurance
chance of an individual experiencing an anginal •prophylactic use of nitroglycerin
attack.
Define myocardial infarction (MI). death of cardiac muscle resulting from prolonged ischemia
State three causes of MI, and indicate which one Infarction may develop in three ways:
occurs most frequently. i. thrombus buildup to obstruct the artery due to atherosclerosis (most
common)
ii. vasospasm in the presence of a partial occlusion
iii. embolization of a thrombus to a smaller artery that is totally
obstructed
List the warning signs of an MI. pallor, anxiety, fear, diaphoresis, shortness of breath and tightness in
chest, weakness, indigestion, or nausea
Differentiate between a transmural and Transmural infarction involves all three layers of heart.
intramural infarction.
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AM
NU 606 Exam 3 Advanced Pathophysiology (Gould’s Pathophysiology 6th Ed.)
Chapters 12, 13, 25 & 26 Complete Study Guide, Exam Questions and Answers.
Describe four general treatment measures for dietary modification;
cardiac disorders. exercise program;
cessation of smoking;
drug therapy
3. Identify ten risk factors for developing •age—cannot be changed
atherosclerosis. Indicate which ones are •gender—cannot be changed
modifiable and which ones are not. Note that •genetic or familial factors—cannot be changed
these are the same risk factors for heart disease. •obesity—modifiable
•cigarette smoking—modifiable
•sedentary lifestyle—modifiable
•diabetes mellitus—modifiable
•poorly controlled hypertension—modifiable
•oral contraceptives and smoking in combination— modifiable
•high cholesterol and hypertension—modifiable
Describe the process of atheroma formation, from the • Endothelial injury happens in the artery, often at a
young age. initial fatty streaks in the arterial wall intima to a • Inflammation and elevation of C-reactive
protein develop.
complicated plaque. • White blood cells, especially monocytes and macrophages, accumulate.
•Lipid accumulates in the intima or inner lining of the artery and
media or muscle layer.
.
• A plaque forms, and inflammation persists.
•Platelets adhere to damaged surface, forming a thrombus and partial
obstruction.
•Lipid continues to build up at the site of injury, along with fibrous tissue
(atheroma)
•Platelets adhere and prostaglandins release, causing further
inflammation and vasospasm.
•Process continues with larger thrombus formation, potential for
total occlusion, and possibility of embolism.
Describe the significance of plaque formation, Development of atheromatous plaques narrows the lumen of arteries
including five potential complications of restricting flow, causing turbulence, thrombus formation, and potential
atherosclerosis. embolism. The
atheroma also damages the arterial wall, weakening the structure and
decreasing elasticity, and ultimately may calcify, causing further
rigidity.
Complications include: 1) thrombus formation, with partial (angina) or
2) total occlusion, precipitating a myocardial infarction, 3) embolism
and infarction (stroke and peripheral vascular damage), 4) aneurysm,
or 5) rupture and hemorrhage.
Which vessels are affected by atherosclerosis? primarily large arteries particularly at bifurcations—aorta, coronary, iliac,
carotids
Describe common therapeutic interventions, to i. Maintain weight at healthy levels to reduce the risk for metabolic
include lifestyle changes, used in the treatment of syndrome, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
atherosclerosis. ii. Lower serum cholesterol and LDL in diet by reducing the intake of
saturated fats and using unsaturated or vegetable oils; high dietary
fiber intake also decreases LDL.
iii. Minimize sodium intake to control hypertension.
iv.Control primary disorders such as diabetes and hypertension.
v. Cease smoking.
vi. Exercise appropriate for age and health status to promote collateral
circulation and reduce LDL levels.
vii.Oral anticoagulant therapy can be used in case of thrombus
formation concern.
viii.Surgical intervention may be necessary.
antilipidemics or lipid-lowering drugs lower cholesterol and LDL levels
https://quizlet.com/921279403/nu-606exam-3advanced-pathophysiology-goulds-pathophysiology-6th-ch- 1/30
12132526-flash-cards/
,4/20/26, 7:49 NU 606~Exam 3~Advanced Pathophysiology: Gould's Pathophysiology 6th - Ch 12,13,25,26 F
AM
antihypertensives help decrease cardiac workload
What type of surgical interventions can be used in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA);
advanced atheromas? coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); laser
angioplasty
Define angina pectoris Chest pain resulting from a myocardial oxygen demand that is not met
by adequate oxygen supply; seen in patient with myocardial ischemia
What is the underlying pathology involved in •when there is decreased blood supply (oxygen) to the heart, due to
angina pectoris? either arterial obstruction or spasm or
•when there is increased demand for oxygen by the heart or
•when there is a combination of factor
Identify disorders that may cause or predispose an atherosclerosis arteriosclerosis vasospasm myocardial hypertrophy
severe anemias individual to angina. respiratory disease
What is the most serious complication of angina myocardial infarction
pectoris?
smoking a cigarette or being exposed to smoke causes vasoconstriction, leading to increased venous return and
secondhand smoke increased heart rate
going from a warm environment into the cold vasoconstriction, leading to increased venous return and increased heart
rate
engaging in an argument or other stressful behavior sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate
exercise, such as climbing a flight of stairs or increases heart rate due to increased O2 demands
rushing to catch a bus
Describe the classic manifestations of an anginal attack. The classic manifestations are recurrent, intermittent brief episodes
of substernal What is the usual duration of an anginal attack? chest pain, described as a tightness or pressure that may
radiate to the neck or left
arm. An anginal attack usually lasts a few seconds or minutes
What type of drug is used to treat an acute anginal Coronary vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin, act by reducing systemic
attack? Explain how these drugs relieve chest pain. resistance, thus decreasing the demand for oxygen. Some vasodilators
also relieve arterial vasospasm. Nitroglycerin has an immediate onset
of action.
how would to administer nitroglycerin? sublingual
https://quizlet.com/921279403/nu-606exam-3advanced-pathophysiology-goulds-pathophysiology-6th-ch- 2/30
12132526-flash-cards/
, 4/20/26, 7:49 NU 606~Exam 3~Advanced Pathophysiology: Gould's Pathophysiology 6th - Ch 12,13,25,26 F
AM
Outline the management of an anginal attack. 1. let pt rest, stop activity
2. seat pt in an UPRIGHT position
3. give nitroglycerine sublingually
4. check pulse and respiration
5. give oxygen if necessary
6. for a pt with known angina the AHA recommends a second dose of ntg
if pain persists for more than 5 minutes. After 3 doses w/in a 10 minute
period and no relief it should be treated as MI. Call for emergency
medical intervention
7. For pt w/o hx of angina emergency medical aid should be sought
after 2 minutes w/o relief
When should emergency medical services (EMS) •if pain is not relieved with rest and administration of three doses of
be requested? nitroglycerin spaced 5 minutes apart (i.e., after 10 minutes)
•for individual with no history of angina, if pain is unrelieved within 2
minutes
List other types of medication that might be •antihypertensive to lower blood pressure and cardiac workload
prescribed for an individual with angina, and •diuretic to help control blood pressure and prevent edema
explain the rationale for each. •platelet inhibitor to lower platelet aggregation and the chance
of thrombus formation
•antihyperlidemic to lower blood cholesterol and LDL levels and
hopefully slow or arrest progression of atherosclerosis
Identify surgical interventions that might be used angioplasty and stent insertion; coronary bypass graft
in the treatment of angina.
Describe nonpharmacologic interventions that • Avoid situations known to precipitates attacks (e.g., stress).
could help to control angina. •Stop smoking.
•Consume diet low in saturated and trans-fats.
•Restrict sodium intake.
•Lose weight if overweight.
•Engage in a consistent exercise program.
•Reduce stress.
A patient states that he has angina pectoris. Identify How long has the individual had
additional information that should be obtained angina? How frequent are the
from this individual. attacks?
When was the last one?
What are the known precipitating factors?
What is the individual's response to
nitroglycerin? Does the individual have
nitroglycerin with him or her?
Identify measures that would help decrease the •stress reduction—explanations and reassurance
chance of an individual experiencing an anginal •prophylactic use of nitroglycerin
attack.
Define myocardial infarction (MI). death of cardiac muscle resulting from prolonged ischemia
State three causes of MI, and indicate which one Infarction may develop in three ways:
occurs most frequently. i. thrombus buildup to obstruct the artery due to atherosclerosis (most
common)
ii. vasospasm in the presence of a partial occlusion
iii. embolization of a thrombus to a smaller artery that is totally
obstructed
List the warning signs of an MI. pallor, anxiety, fear, diaphoresis, shortness of breath and tightness in
chest, weakness, indigestion, or nausea
Differentiate between a transmural and Transmural infarction involves all three layers of heart.
intramural infarction.
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12132526-flash-cards/
