RNSG 1533 ELIMINATION VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Bowel Retention - Answers - Causes: Ignoring the "urge to go" or decreased peristalsis
Leads to retention of stool in the rectum
Stool dries and hardens
Constipation
Impaction
Assessment - examination - Answers - Inspection - Abdomen - contour; symmetry,
movements
Genitalia - urinary meatus for evidence of redness, lesions, or discharge.
Observe the perianal area.
Looking at a stool or urine sample
Auscultation
Listen to bowel sounds. Not indicated in urinary assessment.
Palpation
Abdominal soft & nontender
Rectal palpation - rectal sphincter & for the presence of masses, lesions, or impacted
stool.
Digital palpation - prostate examination.
Percussion
Identify masses or excessive intestinal gas.
Surgical - Bowel - Answers - Colectomy
Colostomy or ileostomy
Rectal prolapse repair
Hemorrhoidectomy
Incontinence Management - Answers - Bladder or bowel retraining
Biofeedback
Timed and prompted voiding
Use of protective pads
Skin care
Pharmacotherapy: Urinary - Answers - Antibiotics
Antispasmodics
Analgesics
Alpha-adrenergic Blockers
Bowel elimination - Answers - is passage and dispelling of stool through the intestinal
tract by means of intestinal smooth muscle contraction
Urinary elimination - Answers - is passage of urine out of the urinary tract through the
urinary sphincter and urethra
, Urinary Elimination - Answers - Urination (micturition, voiding)
Urine collects in bladder
Pressure stimulates stretch receptors - Detrusor Muscles
Transmit impulses to voiding reflex centre of spinal cord
If time, place are appropriate
Conscious part of brain relaxes EUS muscle
Urination occurs
If time, place inappropriate - Answers - If time, place inappropriate
Conscious part of mind delays urination
Micturition reflex subsides until bladder more full, stimulating reflex again
Voluntary control only if - Answers - nerves supplying bladder, urethra, neural tracts of
spinal cord and brain, motor area of cerebrum all intact
Patterns of voiding - Answers - Vary by individual
5-6 times/day
anuria - Answers - absence of urine
dysuria - Answers - painful urination
Neurogenic bladder - Answers - Does not perceive bladder fullness
Unable to control urinary sphincters
Risk Factors - Answers - Age (children, older adults)
Pregnancy
Neurological impairment
Altered mobility
Cognitive impairment
Congenital defects
Medical conditions - stroke, spinal cord injury, brain injury, Crohn disease, & renal
stones
Infants, Toddlers, and Children - Answers - Infants and toddlers initially lack control over
the sphincters and muscles that control urination and bowel elimination, but control is
attained during early childhood as a normal developmental milestone. Children are
typically 18-24 months of age before they are able to identify the urge to urinate and
defecate. Toilet training by the parent or caregiver helps the child obtain conscious
control of his or her bowel and bladder functions.
Pregnant Women - Answers - Pregnancy can affect elimination patterns because the
presence of the fetus in the abdominal cavity affects both bowel and bladder function.
As the fetus grows, increased pressure is placed on the bladder, and frequent urination
is required. The woman will have larger volumes of urine because she has a larger
blood volume during the gestation. The growing fetus can also interfere with intestinal
Bowel Retention - Answers - Causes: Ignoring the "urge to go" or decreased peristalsis
Leads to retention of stool in the rectum
Stool dries and hardens
Constipation
Impaction
Assessment - examination - Answers - Inspection - Abdomen - contour; symmetry,
movements
Genitalia - urinary meatus for evidence of redness, lesions, or discharge.
Observe the perianal area.
Looking at a stool or urine sample
Auscultation
Listen to bowel sounds. Not indicated in urinary assessment.
Palpation
Abdominal soft & nontender
Rectal palpation - rectal sphincter & for the presence of masses, lesions, or impacted
stool.
Digital palpation - prostate examination.
Percussion
Identify masses or excessive intestinal gas.
Surgical - Bowel - Answers - Colectomy
Colostomy or ileostomy
Rectal prolapse repair
Hemorrhoidectomy
Incontinence Management - Answers - Bladder or bowel retraining
Biofeedback
Timed and prompted voiding
Use of protective pads
Skin care
Pharmacotherapy: Urinary - Answers - Antibiotics
Antispasmodics
Analgesics
Alpha-adrenergic Blockers
Bowel elimination - Answers - is passage and dispelling of stool through the intestinal
tract by means of intestinal smooth muscle contraction
Urinary elimination - Answers - is passage of urine out of the urinary tract through the
urinary sphincter and urethra
, Urinary Elimination - Answers - Urination (micturition, voiding)
Urine collects in bladder
Pressure stimulates stretch receptors - Detrusor Muscles
Transmit impulses to voiding reflex centre of spinal cord
If time, place are appropriate
Conscious part of brain relaxes EUS muscle
Urination occurs
If time, place inappropriate - Answers - If time, place inappropriate
Conscious part of mind delays urination
Micturition reflex subsides until bladder more full, stimulating reflex again
Voluntary control only if - Answers - nerves supplying bladder, urethra, neural tracts of
spinal cord and brain, motor area of cerebrum all intact
Patterns of voiding - Answers - Vary by individual
5-6 times/day
anuria - Answers - absence of urine
dysuria - Answers - painful urination
Neurogenic bladder - Answers - Does not perceive bladder fullness
Unable to control urinary sphincters
Risk Factors - Answers - Age (children, older adults)
Pregnancy
Neurological impairment
Altered mobility
Cognitive impairment
Congenital defects
Medical conditions - stroke, spinal cord injury, brain injury, Crohn disease, & renal
stones
Infants, Toddlers, and Children - Answers - Infants and toddlers initially lack control over
the sphincters and muscles that control urination and bowel elimination, but control is
attained during early childhood as a normal developmental milestone. Children are
typically 18-24 months of age before they are able to identify the urge to urinate and
defecate. Toilet training by the parent or caregiver helps the child obtain conscious
control of his or her bowel and bladder functions.
Pregnant Women - Answers - Pregnancy can affect elimination patterns because the
presence of the fetus in the abdominal cavity affects both bowel and bladder function.
As the fetus grows, increased pressure is placed on the bladder, and frequent urination
is required. The woman will have larger volumes of urine because she has a larger
blood volume during the gestation. The growing fetus can also interfere with intestinal
