NU 606 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Questions and Answers
1. Inflammation & Edema
Q: Why does edema develop during the inflammatory response?
A: Increased capillary permeability allows plasma proteins and fluid to move into
interstitial space.
2. Cellular Injury
Q: What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A: Hypoxia due to ischemia.
3. Genetic Disorders
Q: Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in which gene?
A: CFTR gene on chromosome 7.
4. Immune Response
Q: Which hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies?
A: Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reactions).
5. Infectious Disease
Q: Scabies results from invasion by what organism?
A: Mite (Sarcoptes scabiei).
6. Hematology
Q: What is the primary defect in sickle cell anemia?
A: Abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) causing RBC sickling.
7. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Q: What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction?
A: Atherosclerotic plaque rupture with thrombus formation.
8. Respiratory Disorders
Q: In asthma, airway obstruction is primarily due to what mechanism?
A: Bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, and increased mucus secretion.
9. Neurological Disorders
Q: Parkinson’s disease is associated with degeneration of neurons in which brain
region?
A: Substantia nigra.
10. Renal Pathophysiology
Q: What is the hallmark laboratory finding in nephrotic syndrome?
A: Massive proteinuria (>3.5 g/day).
, 11. Endocrine Disorders
Q: What is the primary defect in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
12. Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
Q: Peptic ulcer disease is most commonly associated with which pathogen?
A: Helicobacter pylori.
13. Oncology
Q: What is the defining feature of malignant tumors compared to benign ones?
A: Ability to invade and metastasize.
14. Shock States
Q: What is the primary mechanism of septic shock?
A: Systemic vasodilation due to endotoxin-mediated cytokine release.
15. Musculoskeletal Disorders
Q: Osteoporosis is primarily due to what imbalance?
A: Increased bone resorption relative to bone formation.
16. Pulmonary Pathophysiology
Q: What is the hallmark finding in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
A: Diffuse alveolar damage with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
17. Cardiovascular Disorders
Q: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy increases risk of what sudden event?
A: Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmia.
18. Neurology
Q: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by what pathological process?
A: Demyelination of CNS neurons.
19. Endocrine
Q: Hyperthyroidism most commonly results from which condition?
A: Graves’ disease (autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptors).
20. Hematology
Q: What is the primary defect in hemophilia A?
A: Deficiency of clotting factor VIII.
21. Gastrointestinal
Q: Ulcerative colitis primarily affects which part of the GI tract?
A: Colon and rectum (continuous lesions).
22. Renal
Q: Acute tubular necrosis is most often caused by what?
Questions and Answers
1. Inflammation & Edema
Q: Why does edema develop during the inflammatory response?
A: Increased capillary permeability allows plasma proteins and fluid to move into
interstitial space.
2. Cellular Injury
Q: What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A: Hypoxia due to ischemia.
3. Genetic Disorders
Q: Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in which gene?
A: CFTR gene on chromosome 7.
4. Immune Response
Q: Which hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies?
A: Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reactions).
5. Infectious Disease
Q: Scabies results from invasion by what organism?
A: Mite (Sarcoptes scabiei).
6. Hematology
Q: What is the primary defect in sickle cell anemia?
A: Abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) causing RBC sickling.
7. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Q: What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction?
A: Atherosclerotic plaque rupture with thrombus formation.
8. Respiratory Disorders
Q: In asthma, airway obstruction is primarily due to what mechanism?
A: Bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, and increased mucus secretion.
9. Neurological Disorders
Q: Parkinson’s disease is associated with degeneration of neurons in which brain
region?
A: Substantia nigra.
10. Renal Pathophysiology
Q: What is the hallmark laboratory finding in nephrotic syndrome?
A: Massive proteinuria (>3.5 g/day).
, 11. Endocrine Disorders
Q: What is the primary defect in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
12. Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
Q: Peptic ulcer disease is most commonly associated with which pathogen?
A: Helicobacter pylori.
13. Oncology
Q: What is the defining feature of malignant tumors compared to benign ones?
A: Ability to invade and metastasize.
14. Shock States
Q: What is the primary mechanism of septic shock?
A: Systemic vasodilation due to endotoxin-mediated cytokine release.
15. Musculoskeletal Disorders
Q: Osteoporosis is primarily due to what imbalance?
A: Increased bone resorption relative to bone formation.
16. Pulmonary Pathophysiology
Q: What is the hallmark finding in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
A: Diffuse alveolar damage with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
17. Cardiovascular Disorders
Q: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy increases risk of what sudden event?
A: Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmia.
18. Neurology
Q: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by what pathological process?
A: Demyelination of CNS neurons.
19. Endocrine
Q: Hyperthyroidism most commonly results from which condition?
A: Graves’ disease (autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptors).
20. Hematology
Q: What is the primary defect in hemophilia A?
A: Deficiency of clotting factor VIII.
21. Gastrointestinal
Q: Ulcerative colitis primarily affects which part of the GI tract?
A: Colon and rectum (continuous lesions).
22. Renal
Q: Acute tubular necrosis is most often caused by what?
