NU 606 Advanced Pathophysiology – Final Exam
Review Latest Updated Rated A+
1. Cardiovascular Physiology
Q: What ion influx is primarily responsible for cardiac muscle contraction?
A: Calcium (Ca²⁺)
2. Respiratory Pathophysiology
Q: What is the hallmark finding in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
A: Diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membrane formation
3. Neurology
Q: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by destruction of what structure?
A: Myelin sheath in the CNS
4. Endocrinology
Q: What hormone is deficient in Addison’s disease?
A: Cortisol (and often aldosterone)
5. Renal Pathophysiology
Q: What is the most common cause of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
A: Ischemia
6. Gastrointestinal Disorders
Q: Ulcerative colitis primarily affects which part of the GI tract?
A: Colon and rectum
7. Hematology
Q: What is the primary defect in hemophilia A?
A: Factor VIII deficiency
8. Oncology
Q: What is the most common type of lung cancer in smokers?
A: Squamous cell carcinoma
9. Infectious Disease
Q: What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10. Musculoskeletal Disorders
Q: Rheumatoid arthritis is mediated by what immune mechanism?
A: Autoimmune attack on synovial joints
11. Shock States
Q: What is the primary mechanism of hypovolemic shock?
, A: Loss of intravascular volume
12. Genetic Disorders
Q: Huntington’s disease is caused by what genetic mutation?
A: CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion on chromosome 4
13. Endocrine Pathophysiology
Q: Graves’ disease is associated with what autoantibody?
A: TSH receptor–stimulating antibody
14. Neurological Disorders
Q: Alzheimer’s disease is associated with accumulation of what protein?
A: Beta-amyloid plaques
15. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Q: What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
A: Chronic kidney disease
16. Immunology
Q: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is anaphylaxis?
A: Type I (IgE-mediated)
17. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Q: What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?
A: Ischemic heart disease (MI)
18. Pulmonary Disorders
Q: What is the classic triad of asthma?
A: Bronchospasm, mucus production, airway inflammation
19. Endocrine Disorders
Q: What electrolyte imbalance is most associated with hyperaldosteronism?
A: Hypokalemia
20. Neurological Pathophysiology
Q: Parkinson’s disease is due to loss of neurons in which brain region?
A: Substantia nigra (dopaminergic neurons)
21. Renal Disorders
Q: What is the hallmark finding in nephrotic syndrome?
A: Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
22. Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
Q: Barrett’s esophagus is a complication of what condition?
A: Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Review Latest Updated Rated A+
1. Cardiovascular Physiology
Q: What ion influx is primarily responsible for cardiac muscle contraction?
A: Calcium (Ca²⁺)
2. Respiratory Pathophysiology
Q: What is the hallmark finding in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
A: Diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membrane formation
3. Neurology
Q: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by destruction of what structure?
A: Myelin sheath in the CNS
4. Endocrinology
Q: What hormone is deficient in Addison’s disease?
A: Cortisol (and often aldosterone)
5. Renal Pathophysiology
Q: What is the most common cause of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
A: Ischemia
6. Gastrointestinal Disorders
Q: Ulcerative colitis primarily affects which part of the GI tract?
A: Colon and rectum
7. Hematology
Q: What is the primary defect in hemophilia A?
A: Factor VIII deficiency
8. Oncology
Q: What is the most common type of lung cancer in smokers?
A: Squamous cell carcinoma
9. Infectious Disease
Q: What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10. Musculoskeletal Disorders
Q: Rheumatoid arthritis is mediated by what immune mechanism?
A: Autoimmune attack on synovial joints
11. Shock States
Q: What is the primary mechanism of hypovolemic shock?
, A: Loss of intravascular volume
12. Genetic Disorders
Q: Huntington’s disease is caused by what genetic mutation?
A: CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion on chromosome 4
13. Endocrine Pathophysiology
Q: Graves’ disease is associated with what autoantibody?
A: TSH receptor–stimulating antibody
14. Neurological Disorders
Q: Alzheimer’s disease is associated with accumulation of what protein?
A: Beta-amyloid plaques
15. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Q: What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
A: Chronic kidney disease
16. Immunology
Q: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is anaphylaxis?
A: Type I (IgE-mediated)
17. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Q: What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?
A: Ischemic heart disease (MI)
18. Pulmonary Disorders
Q: What is the classic triad of asthma?
A: Bronchospasm, mucus production, airway inflammation
19. Endocrine Disorders
Q: What electrolyte imbalance is most associated with hyperaldosteronism?
A: Hypokalemia
20. Neurological Pathophysiology
Q: Parkinson’s disease is due to loss of neurons in which brain region?
A: Substantia nigra (dopaminergic neurons)
21. Renal Disorders
Q: What is the hallmark finding in nephrotic syndrome?
A: Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
22. Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
Q: Barrett’s esophagus is a complication of what condition?
A: Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
