PSYCH 3980 EXAM 2 UGA - QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | 100% CORRECT
1. What is the difference between *, **, & *** on a p-value
(1 vs. 2 vs. 3 asterisk): 1 = *p < .05, 2 = **p < .01, 3 = ***p < .001
2. Independent Samples t-test: A hypothesis test used to compare two means for a between-
groups design compares the means of two distinct groups for a continuous outcome to see if one group's
average value on a continuous variable is significantly higher or lower than the other's
3. ANOVA: Analysis of Variance - used to measure the difference between the means of 3 or more groups
4. Three Criteria for Causality: covariance (Association), temporal precedence, internal
validity (no confounding variables)
5. When do you use a bar graph? If there is a categorical grouping variable as the IV
6. Why is construct validity especially important for association
claims? Because you are examining two measured variables
7. Open-ended questions: Participants can respond in any way they want
8. Forced choice: Must choose an option that you provide (Can be yes or no, or A, B, C, D, etc.)
9. MCQ Likert Scale: Rating the degree of agreement, each number has a scale
10. MCQ Semantic Differential scale: Rating a target object using a numeric scale
anchored by adjectives. Only the first and last numbers in the scale have labels.
11. Leading Questions: Phrasing a question to get the answer you want
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, 12. Double-Barreled Questions: When you ask 2 questions in 1
13. Negative Wording: Double negative wording (ex. are you never not anxious)
14. Question Order: Placing questions in an order to potentially lead to bias/overthinking
15. Acquiescence: Saying yes or agreeing with every item
16. Nay-saying: Saying no or disagreeing with every item
17. Fence-sitting: Playing it safe by responding neutrally to every item
18. Social Desirability: Responding in a way that makes you look good to others (especially on
sensitive topics)
19. Observer Bias: When observers' expectations influence their own perception/interpretation of
participants' behaviors
20. Observer Effects (aka Expectancy Effects): When participants confirm the
observer's expectations by (un)intentionally behaving in a certain way due to cues from the observer
21. Reactivity: When people change their behavior because they know someone is watching them
22. Population of Interest: The population of individuals a researcher wants to make an inference
about
23. Unbiased (Representative) Sample: All members of a population have an equal chance
of being included in the sample.
24. Biased Sample: Not all members of a population have an equal probability of being
included in the sample.
25. Externally Valid: Unbiased sample, Probability sample, Random sample, Representative sample
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ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | 100% CORRECT
1. What is the difference between *, **, & *** on a p-value
(1 vs. 2 vs. 3 asterisk): 1 = *p < .05, 2 = **p < .01, 3 = ***p < .001
2. Independent Samples t-test: A hypothesis test used to compare two means for a between-
groups design compares the means of two distinct groups for a continuous outcome to see if one group's
average value on a continuous variable is significantly higher or lower than the other's
3. ANOVA: Analysis of Variance - used to measure the difference between the means of 3 or more groups
4. Three Criteria for Causality: covariance (Association), temporal precedence, internal
validity (no confounding variables)
5. When do you use a bar graph? If there is a categorical grouping variable as the IV
6. Why is construct validity especially important for association
claims? Because you are examining two measured variables
7. Open-ended questions: Participants can respond in any way they want
8. Forced choice: Must choose an option that you provide (Can be yes or no, or A, B, C, D, etc.)
9. MCQ Likert Scale: Rating the degree of agreement, each number has a scale
10. MCQ Semantic Differential scale: Rating a target object using a numeric scale
anchored by adjectives. Only the first and last numbers in the scale have labels.
11. Leading Questions: Phrasing a question to get the answer you want
1/6
, 12. Double-Barreled Questions: When you ask 2 questions in 1
13. Negative Wording: Double negative wording (ex. are you never not anxious)
14. Question Order: Placing questions in an order to potentially lead to bias/overthinking
15. Acquiescence: Saying yes or agreeing with every item
16. Nay-saying: Saying no or disagreeing with every item
17. Fence-sitting: Playing it safe by responding neutrally to every item
18. Social Desirability: Responding in a way that makes you look good to others (especially on
sensitive topics)
19. Observer Bias: When observers' expectations influence their own perception/interpretation of
participants' behaviors
20. Observer Effects (aka Expectancy Effects): When participants confirm the
observer's expectations by (un)intentionally behaving in a certain way due to cues from the observer
21. Reactivity: When people change their behavior because they know someone is watching them
22. Population of Interest: The population of individuals a researcher wants to make an inference
about
23. Unbiased (Representative) Sample: All members of a population have an equal chance
of being included in the sample.
24. Biased Sample: Not all members of a population have an equal probability of being
included in the sample.
25. Externally Valid: Unbiased sample, Probability sample, Random sample, Representative sample
2/6
