C-EFM *Pattern Recognition & Intervention* Test with all
Correct & 100% Verified Answers |Already Graded A+
Define FHR baseline ✔Correct Answer-the mean FHR rounded to increments of 5 bpm during
a 10-min segment, excluding accels, decels, & periods of marked variability.
min of 2 min in any 10-min window or it is "indeterminate".
Define bradycardia ✔Correct Answer-baseline FHR of < 110 bpm
Define tachycardia ✔Correct Answer-baseline FHR of > than 160 bpm
Define variability ✔Correct Answer-fluctuations in the FHR baseline that are irregular in
amplitude & frequency. It is measured from peak to trough of the fluctuation & quantified in
bpm.
Define absent variability ✔Correct Answer-amplitude range is undetectable
Define minimal variability ✔Correct Answer-the amplitude range is detectable to <5 bpm
Define moderate variability ✔Correct Answer-the amplitude range is from 6 to 25 bpm
Define marked variability ✔Correct Answer-amplitude range is >25 bpm
Define sinusoidal ✔Correct Answer-visually apparent, smooth, sine wave-like undulating
pattern in the FHR baseline with a cycle frequency of 3-5/min that persists for more than 20
min.
Why does a sinusoidal pattern happen? ✔Correct Answer-the physiological mechanism is NOT
known, but it is associated with severe fetal anemia.
Possible causes: chorio, fetal sepsis, narcotics.
Sympathetic innervation & plasma catecholamines cause the baseline FHR to... ✔Correct
Answer-increase
Parasympathetic innervation causes the baseline FHR to... ✔Correct Answer-decrease
Changes to FHR from autonomic input are a response to... ✔Correct Answer-changes in PO2,
PCO2, & BP detected by chemoreceptors/baroreceptors in the aortic arch & carotid arteries.
Why does FHR tachycardia happen? ✔Correct Answer-recurrent or sustained interruption of
O2 transfer that can lead to progressive deterioration of fetal oxygenation & acidemia.
, With acidemia, blunting of the parasympathetic cardiac stimulation can cause the FHR to rise.
What can cause FHR tachycardia? ✔Correct Answer-- abnormalities with fetal cardiac
pacemakers
- maternal fever/infection
- fetal anemia
- maternal thyroid-stimulating antibodies
- meds (atropine, hydroxyzine, phenothiazines, terb, albuterol)
-caffeine, theophylline, cocaine, meth
Why does FHR bradycardia happen? ✔Correct Answer-decels can reflect interruptions of fetal
oxygenation; true bradycardia is uncommon & not r/t oxygenation.
What can cause FHR bradycardia? ✔Correct Answer-- meds (sympatholytic)
- cardiac conduction abnormalities
- heart block
- heterotaxy syndrome
- structural cardiac defects
- viral infections (CMV)
- Sjogren's syndrome
- fetal heart failure
- maternal hypoglycemia
- maternal hypothermia (surgery)
- interruption of fetal oxygenation
Why does variability happen? ✔Correct Answer-signals from chemoreceptors &
baroreceptors are processed in the medullary vasomotor centers in the hypothalamus &
cerebral cortex, where sympathetic & parasympathetic signals modulate the moment-to-
moment FHR response to changes in PO2, PCO2, & BP.
with every heart beat, slight corrections are made to optimize CO & maximized distribution of
O2 to tissues.
What type of variability shows interruptions of fetal oxygenation? ✔Correct Answer-absent
What causes absent variability? ✔Correct Answer-- fetal sleep cycle
- fetal tachycardia
- meds (narcotics, barbiturates, phenothiazines, tranquilizers, general anesthesia, atropine)
- prematurity
- congenital anomalies
- fetal anemia
- fetal cardiac arrhythmia
- infection
- preexisting neurologic injury
Correct & 100% Verified Answers |Already Graded A+
Define FHR baseline ✔Correct Answer-the mean FHR rounded to increments of 5 bpm during
a 10-min segment, excluding accels, decels, & periods of marked variability.
min of 2 min in any 10-min window or it is "indeterminate".
Define bradycardia ✔Correct Answer-baseline FHR of < 110 bpm
Define tachycardia ✔Correct Answer-baseline FHR of > than 160 bpm
Define variability ✔Correct Answer-fluctuations in the FHR baseline that are irregular in
amplitude & frequency. It is measured from peak to trough of the fluctuation & quantified in
bpm.
Define absent variability ✔Correct Answer-amplitude range is undetectable
Define minimal variability ✔Correct Answer-the amplitude range is detectable to <5 bpm
Define moderate variability ✔Correct Answer-the amplitude range is from 6 to 25 bpm
Define marked variability ✔Correct Answer-amplitude range is >25 bpm
Define sinusoidal ✔Correct Answer-visually apparent, smooth, sine wave-like undulating
pattern in the FHR baseline with a cycle frequency of 3-5/min that persists for more than 20
min.
Why does a sinusoidal pattern happen? ✔Correct Answer-the physiological mechanism is NOT
known, but it is associated with severe fetal anemia.
Possible causes: chorio, fetal sepsis, narcotics.
Sympathetic innervation & plasma catecholamines cause the baseline FHR to... ✔Correct
Answer-increase
Parasympathetic innervation causes the baseline FHR to... ✔Correct Answer-decrease
Changes to FHR from autonomic input are a response to... ✔Correct Answer-changes in PO2,
PCO2, & BP detected by chemoreceptors/baroreceptors in the aortic arch & carotid arteries.
Why does FHR tachycardia happen? ✔Correct Answer-recurrent or sustained interruption of
O2 transfer that can lead to progressive deterioration of fetal oxygenation & acidemia.
, With acidemia, blunting of the parasympathetic cardiac stimulation can cause the FHR to rise.
What can cause FHR tachycardia? ✔Correct Answer-- abnormalities with fetal cardiac
pacemakers
- maternal fever/infection
- fetal anemia
- maternal thyroid-stimulating antibodies
- meds (atropine, hydroxyzine, phenothiazines, terb, albuterol)
-caffeine, theophylline, cocaine, meth
Why does FHR bradycardia happen? ✔Correct Answer-decels can reflect interruptions of fetal
oxygenation; true bradycardia is uncommon & not r/t oxygenation.
What can cause FHR bradycardia? ✔Correct Answer-- meds (sympatholytic)
- cardiac conduction abnormalities
- heart block
- heterotaxy syndrome
- structural cardiac defects
- viral infections (CMV)
- Sjogren's syndrome
- fetal heart failure
- maternal hypoglycemia
- maternal hypothermia (surgery)
- interruption of fetal oxygenation
Why does variability happen? ✔Correct Answer-signals from chemoreceptors &
baroreceptors are processed in the medullary vasomotor centers in the hypothalamus &
cerebral cortex, where sympathetic & parasympathetic signals modulate the moment-to-
moment FHR response to changes in PO2, PCO2, & BP.
with every heart beat, slight corrections are made to optimize CO & maximized distribution of
O2 to tissues.
What type of variability shows interruptions of fetal oxygenation? ✔Correct Answer-absent
What causes absent variability? ✔Correct Answer-- fetal sleep cycle
- fetal tachycardia
- meds (narcotics, barbiturates, phenothiazines, tranquilizers, general anesthesia, atropine)
- prematurity
- congenital anomalies
- fetal anemia
- fetal cardiac arrhythmia
- infection
- preexisting neurologic injury
