HTH 423 - Exam 1 - Ott Walter with correct answers 100%

HTH 423 - Exam 1 - Ott Walter with correct answers 100% Ethics - Correct Answer - Standards of right and wrong that have to do with rights, reasonable obligations, benefits to society, fairness, virtues (honesty, compassion, loyalty) One's ethical standards are based on - Correct Answer - Feelings, laws and social norms - Continuous effort of studying your own moral beliefs and moral conduct - Morals come from: parents, school, religion, experiences, media, politics - Decisions made based on the info the groups around you have provided you. Your thought process decides what is ethical to YOU. Decisions and actions change over time because you've gained some experience personally or by observing. Bioethics - Correct Answer - Study of ethical, social, and legal issues that arise in biomedicine and biomedical research. - Includes: Medical ethics, Research ethics, Environmental ethics, Public health ethics Medical Ethics - Correct Answer Focuses on issues in health care - Include things like: Confidentiality - HIPPA End of life decision making Genetic testing Gene editing Treatment decisions Research Ethics - Correct Answer Focuses on the conduct of research Public Health Ethics - Correct Answer - the principles and values that help guide actions designed to promote health and prevent injury and disease in the population - Addresses ethical issues in public health: Smoke-free policies Individual rights vs. Protection of public good Allocation of public health resources Obesity Sugar tax The Nuremburg Code - Correct Answer a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a result of the subsequent Nuremberg trials at the end of the Second World War. The Belmont Report - Correct Answer Basic Ethical Principles: Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice Must have informed consent - identifies basic ethical principles and guidelines that address ethical issues arising from the conduct of research with human subjects. Thalidomide - Correct Answer A mild tranquilizer that reduces morning sickness, taken early in pregnancy, can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs (flipper hands/feet), eyes, ears, and heart. - Approved in Europe as a sedative and anti-nausea medication for pregnant women. - Never approved in the U.S. by the FDA - Caused severe deformities in fetuses in approximately 12,000 babies born in Europe. They didn't test it on pregnant animals before humans Tuskeegee Syphilis Study - Correct Answer - Conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (GOV funded) - 600 low-income African-American males, 400 infected with syphilis (WITH NO CONSENT of the study), monitored for 40 years. - Received free medical exams, but were NOT told about their disease. - Cure became available in the 1950's, but participants were denied treatment. - Stopped in 1973 because of publicity and political embarrassment. - could have spread to partners & children Joseph Mengele - Correct Answer Nazi doctor at Auschwitz who performed experiments on the Jews, especially twins, without their consent. - (The Angel of Death) - Conducted research on twins and Gypsies in the camps - Experimental surgeries without anesthesia - Blood transfusions between twins - Isolation endurance how long one can be alone before mental/physical damage - Lethal germ injections - Sex change operations - nonconsensual - Removal of organs and limbs The Monster Study - Correct Answer - A stuttering experiment on ORPHAN CHILDREN in Davenport, Iowa. - Children were assigned to either a control or experimental group. Half of the children received positive (praise) speech therapy and the other half received negative (belittling) speech therapy. - Many of the normal speaking children who received negative speech therapy and some retained speech problems throughout their life. - University of Iowa apologized in 2001 for the study. The Aversion Project, - Correct Answer - An attempt to root out homosexuality from South Africa's apartheid army. White lesbian and gay soldiers were forced to undergo sex-change operations, chemical castration, electric shock and other medical experiments. - Estimated 900 forced sex reassignment surgeries were performed between 1971 and 1989. - The doctor in charge of the study is currently a Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Calgary's Medical College, in private practice and in good standing with the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. Stanford Prison Experiment - Correct Answer Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended 2 weeks early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty. All college aged men were psychologically assessed as mental stable before but they had psychological effects afterwards. Landis' Facial Expressions Experiment - Correct Answer (1924) Carney Landis: experiment to see whether different emotions create facial expressions specific to that emotion. Do all people have a common expression for disgust, shock, joy, fear, etc. - Students' faces painted with black lines - Stimuli: Smelling ammonia, look at pornography, put their hands into a bucket of frogs, made to behead or watch the beheading of a live rat. (1/3 did it) - When they reacted they were photographed. - If the student refused Landis would behead the rat. - According to the findings, humans do not have a common set of facial expressions. Little Albert Study - Correct Answer Little Albert learns to make associations between stimuli in the environment and reflexes; Albert shows little fear with dog, monkey, or burning newspaper, neutral stimuli since he hasn't learned to fear anything; Shows Albert a white rat while making loud clanging noise, which upsets Albert, who eventually associates white rat with being upset; Proves fear is learned.