HTH 423 (Ethics) - EXAM 1 with correct answers 100%

HTH 423 (Ethics) - EXAM 1 with correct answers 100% what is health ethics? - Correct Answer the interdisciplinary field of study and practice that seeks to understand the values undergird-ing decisions and actions in health care, health research and health policy, and to provide guidance for action when these values conflict relationship between health ethics and law - Correct Answer - often complementary; define how people are supposed to act - some laws could be considered unethical - ethics is concerned with a broader set of relationships and behaviors than most forms of legal regulation - concrete punishment for breaking a law but social/individual grief for being unethical ________ remains a foundation for law, and often provides a justificatory basis for legal ________ - Correct Answer ethics; norms What human beings have a right to as a matter of _______ is not necessarily the same as what they have a right to as a matter of _______. - Correct Answer ethics; law health ethics and _______ go hand in hand - Correct Answer human rights key ethical issues in public health - Correct Answer - harm prevention, public good, and individual liberty - treatment and prevention - health promotion and equity - public health surveillance key ethical issues in health research - Correct Answer - ethical issues regarding groups (economically disadvantaged, topic selection, new drug/device patents, whether research surveillance is necessary) - ethical issues regarding individuals - managing ethical dilemmas key ethical issues in clinical care - Correct Answer - proper communication of info with patient - clinician's opinion/treatment recommendation vs patient's needs - when should patient be able to make own decisions? key ethical issues in health organizations and systems - Correct Answer - resource allocation across health services and programs - corporate partnerships and philanthropic fundraising - workplace ethics - equitable access - individual vs population health - public accountability key ethical issues in global health - Correct Answer - specification of actions that wealthier countries should take to help poor countries - cultural relativity - should everyone be treated the same regardless of their culture? - standards of care - should they be equal for everyone regardless of location or if in a control group in a trial Ethical theories and principles are helpful in addressing ethical issues in two key ways: - Correct Answer (1) they explain why the issue at hand is an ethical issue (2) they justify why one course of action ought to be preferred over another Ethical decision-making frameworks provide ________ and _______ approaches to the analysis of ethical _______ and _______ - Correct Answer systematic and practical; issues and questions 3 types of ethics committees - Correct Answer - national ethics committees (NECs) - research ethics committees (RECs) - clinical ethics committees national ethics committees - Correct Answer - official bodies to advise their executive and legislative branches, and often the general public, about ethics of health and health care. - meet to facilitate international dialogue and foster consensus on ethical issues of global concern research ethics committees - Correct Answer - evaluate research protocols with the aim of safeguarding participants' rights and well-being - reduce risks of the research - make sure risks are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits - make sure the researchers have made adequate plans for obtaining participants' informed consent clinical ethics committees - Correct Answer - multidisciplinary - may include ethicists, health care professionals, patient advocates, and religious representatives - provide guidance to clinicians, patients, and families in clinical dilemmas - may also contribute to the development of institutional policies and procedures 3 reasons for engaging stakeholders - Correct Answer 1. to improve the quality of decisions by examining ethical issues from diverse perspectives and bringing relevant experience and expertise, both lay and professional, to the table 2. to provide input on values, to inform policy decisions and guide the application of available evidence 3. to provide a mechanism for improving public accountability for these decisions why is health ethics important for the work of WHO? - Correct Answer - One of WHO's six core functions is to develop "ethical and evidence-based policy options - While principles of human rights must guide the analysis of these issues, those principles often do not point to a single, objectively correct answer accountability for reasonableness - Correct Answer Framework that requires that the rationale or reasons underlying health-care-limiting decisions be made publicly available autonomy - Correct Answer an individual's right to make their own decisions and to be their own person beneficence - Correct Answer Principle requiring that governments, health care providers, and researchers do good for, provide benefit to, or make a positive contribution to the welfare of populations, patients and study participants bioethics - Correct Answer The field of enquiry that examines ethical issues arising from the "creation and maintenance of the health of living things" distributive justice - Correct Answer a set of principles that provide "moral guidance for political processes and structures that affect the distribution of economic benefits and burdens within societies egalitarianism - Correct Answer belief in equality what is an example of a distributive justice principle? - Correct Answer egalitarianism