QTM 100 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Research - Answers - Forumlate Question
Colelct Data
Analze Data
Interpret Results
Research Examples - Answers - Does caffeine improve memory?
Is Olympic Performance realted to a country's GDP?
Say an example now ___
Anecdotal Evidence - Answers - Informal Observation:
It's a single story that is not representative of the population of interest
Research Questions - Answers - How is an outcome of interest related to an entire
population?
How does xbar determine mu?
Examples of Broad and Focused Research Questions - Answers - Broad:
Are violent crimes related to violent video games?
Focused:
Does the rate of criminals who play violent video games differ from the rate of non-
criminals who play violent video games?
Give me an example of each now ____
Focused Research Question - Answers - Identify
Two groups of interest
The response of interest
*Foreshadowing: a hypothesis of significance tests
Population - Answers - A greater selection of people's that compromis an entire set of
interested subjects
mu = mean
You can't always use population as data because a census can be difficult to obtain, for
it is expensive, time consuming, complex, non-dymanic (like a pop. is), and it's difficult
to locate individuals.
Sample - Answers - A subcategroy of population that you collect data on to represent
the greater majority
,~Clicker Question~ - Answers - Sixteen, 10 month old infants.... helper/hinderer
sample =
population =
Descriptive Statistics - Answers - Describe the characteristics of your sample data to
make an inference about the population of interest.
Summarize collective mathematical averages and percentages
Highlights, collects, and summarizes info
ex) mean/median/mode, range, sd
Inferential Statistics - Answers - Draw conclusion about population based on a sample
of the population
Infering about the greater population
Ex) 2 sample t test, ANOVA, Chi Sq, Correlation
~Clicker Question~ - Answers - Researches find that 14 out fo 16 (87.5%) of infants
prefer the helper toy and conclude that 63-98% of infants in general would select the
help toy.
- Which is a descriptive statistic and which is an inferential statistic?
Summary! - Answers - * Sample data are an imperfect approximation of the population
data
* Desriptive data doesn't exaclty predict what is in the population
* Statistical inference is about describing what you think is in the population
* In order to describe a population (or predict even), we need to understand variation
within the data.
Variables - Answers - Any characteristic observed in a study
Quantitative Variable - Answers - Obervations take on numeric values
Discrete Quantitative Variable - Answers - Takes on a finite number of possible values
ex) I cannot be 18.24 years old
Continuous it as a continuum of infinetly possible values
ex) track times (6.24, 5.68)
Categorical Variables - Answers - Each observation belongs to one of a set of
categories. Contain descriptive words or phrases
Types of Categorical Variables - Answers - Dichotomous - one or the other
ex) gender = male vs female
, Ordinal - natural ordering to them
ex) grades =freshman, sophomore, junior, seniro
~ Clicker Question ~ - Answers - What type of data is produced by the answer choices
for this question?
-- How many times have you accessed the Internet this week?
1) None
2) Once or Twice
3) Three or Four times
4) More than Four
--
a) Categorical
b) Quantitative
Summarizing Categorical Variables - Answers - Frequency Tables
Bar Plots
Pie Charts
Frequency Tables - Answers - Frequency = number of observations in each category
Proportion = prop of observations by the total in each categroy
Percentage = proportion times 100
Bar Plot - Answers - Showcase a singular categorical variable
Can either use frequeny or a percent on the y axis
It's best to graph a bar plot for a categoircal variable with few categories
Research - Answers - Forumlate Question
Colelct Data
Analze Data
Interpret Results
Research Examples - Answers - Does caffeine improve memory?
Is Olympic Performance realted to a country's GDP?
Say an example now ___
Anecdotal Evidence - Answers - Informal Observation:
It's a single story that is not representative of the population of interest
Research Questions - Answers - How is an outcome of interest related to an entire
population?
How does xbar determine mu?
Examples of Broad and Focused Research Questions - Answers - Broad:
Are violent crimes related to violent video games?
Focused:
Does the rate of criminals who play violent video games differ from the rate of non-
criminals who play violent video games?
Give me an example of each now ____
Focused Research Question - Answers - Identify
Two groups of interest
The response of interest
*Foreshadowing: a hypothesis of significance tests
Population - Answers - A greater selection of people's that compromis an entire set of
interested subjects
mu = mean
You can't always use population as data because a census can be difficult to obtain, for
it is expensive, time consuming, complex, non-dymanic (like a pop. is), and it's difficult
to locate individuals.
Sample - Answers - A subcategroy of population that you collect data on to represent
the greater majority
,~Clicker Question~ - Answers - Sixteen, 10 month old infants.... helper/hinderer
sample =
population =
Descriptive Statistics - Answers - Describe the characteristics of your sample data to
make an inference about the population of interest.
Summarize collective mathematical averages and percentages
Highlights, collects, and summarizes info
ex) mean/median/mode, range, sd
Inferential Statistics - Answers - Draw conclusion about population based on a sample
of the population
Infering about the greater population
Ex) 2 sample t test, ANOVA, Chi Sq, Correlation
~Clicker Question~ - Answers - Researches find that 14 out fo 16 (87.5%) of infants
prefer the helper toy and conclude that 63-98% of infants in general would select the
help toy.
- Which is a descriptive statistic and which is an inferential statistic?
Summary! - Answers - * Sample data are an imperfect approximation of the population
data
* Desriptive data doesn't exaclty predict what is in the population
* Statistical inference is about describing what you think is in the population
* In order to describe a population (or predict even), we need to understand variation
within the data.
Variables - Answers - Any characteristic observed in a study
Quantitative Variable - Answers - Obervations take on numeric values
Discrete Quantitative Variable - Answers - Takes on a finite number of possible values
ex) I cannot be 18.24 years old
Continuous it as a continuum of infinetly possible values
ex) track times (6.24, 5.68)
Categorical Variables - Answers - Each observation belongs to one of a set of
categories. Contain descriptive words or phrases
Types of Categorical Variables - Answers - Dichotomous - one or the other
ex) gender = male vs female
, Ordinal - natural ordering to them
ex) grades =freshman, sophomore, junior, seniro
~ Clicker Question ~ - Answers - What type of data is produced by the answer choices
for this question?
-- How many times have you accessed the Internet this week?
1) None
2) Once or Twice
3) Three or Four times
4) More than Four
--
a) Categorical
b) Quantitative
Summarizing Categorical Variables - Answers - Frequency Tables
Bar Plots
Pie Charts
Frequency Tables - Answers - Frequency = number of observations in each category
Proportion = prop of observations by the total in each categroy
Percentage = proportion times 100
Bar Plot - Answers - Showcase a singular categorical variable
Can either use frequeny or a percent on the y axis
It's best to graph a bar plot for a categoircal variable with few categories
