NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Study Guide
Exam Latest 2026/2027 Updated Verified 60 Questions and
Solutions A+ Pass Guaranteed
Glycemic Goals in DM2
Blood glucose of 80-130 before meals, 180 or less 1-2
hrs post meals, A1C under 7. Long term goals are to
manage BG and preveny long term complications.
Preventing Diabetic Nephropathy
ACE inhibitors, such as lisinopril. Or ARBs such as
losartan if patient cannot tolerate ACEs
,ADAs Stepped Care Approach to DM Treatment
1. Lifestyle changes plus metformin.
2. Lifestyle plus metformin plus a second drug (GLP-1)
3. Lifestyle plus metformin plus 2 more drugs based
on patient characteristics. For example, add SGLT2
inhibitor for patients with cardiovascular or renal
disease.
,Biguanides
Metformin
Initial therapy for DM2. Inhibits glucose production in
liver. Reduces glucose absorption in gut. Sensitized
fat and skeletal muscle receptors to insulin (increased
uptake of insulin). Safe in pregnancy. GI side effects
so take with meals. Excreted by kidneys so increased
toxicity (lactic acidosis) if renal impairment. Low risk
of hypoglycemia.
, How do we treat hypothyroidism in infants?
Treat with levothyroxine for 3years. Cessation of
replacement therapy for 4 weeks- if TSH rises, thyroid
hormone production is low so we continue
replacement therapy; if TSH decreases, we know the
hypothyroidism is transient and we can stop
replacement therapy.
Lvothyroxine MOA
Synthetic levothyroxine is identical to naturally
occurring thyroid hormone.
Levothyroxine administration
Take on empty stomach, 30-60 minutes before
breakfast. Don't take with mineral supplements, PPI,
or antacids.
Exam Latest 2026/2027 Updated Verified 60 Questions and
Solutions A+ Pass Guaranteed
Glycemic Goals in DM2
Blood glucose of 80-130 before meals, 180 or less 1-2
hrs post meals, A1C under 7. Long term goals are to
manage BG and preveny long term complications.
Preventing Diabetic Nephropathy
ACE inhibitors, such as lisinopril. Or ARBs such as
losartan if patient cannot tolerate ACEs
,ADAs Stepped Care Approach to DM Treatment
1. Lifestyle changes plus metformin.
2. Lifestyle plus metformin plus a second drug (GLP-1)
3. Lifestyle plus metformin plus 2 more drugs based
on patient characteristics. For example, add SGLT2
inhibitor for patients with cardiovascular or renal
disease.
,Biguanides
Metformin
Initial therapy for DM2. Inhibits glucose production in
liver. Reduces glucose absorption in gut. Sensitized
fat and skeletal muscle receptors to insulin (increased
uptake of insulin). Safe in pregnancy. GI side effects
so take with meals. Excreted by kidneys so increased
toxicity (lactic acidosis) if renal impairment. Low risk
of hypoglycemia.
, How do we treat hypothyroidism in infants?
Treat with levothyroxine for 3years. Cessation of
replacement therapy for 4 weeks- if TSH rises, thyroid
hormone production is low so we continue
replacement therapy; if TSH decreases, we know the
hypothyroidism is transient and we can stop
replacement therapy.
Lvothyroxine MOA
Synthetic levothyroxine is identical to naturally
occurring thyroid hormone.
Levothyroxine administration
Take on empty stomach, 30-60 minutes before
breakfast. Don't take with mineral supplements, PPI,
or antacids.
