1
Agricultural Sciences
Paper 2
GRADE 12
JUNE EXAM 2026
Previous exam papers were used to compile these notes, SC/NSC_ DBE/JUN 2021, 2022, 2023.
Important:
These study notes are revised and updated every year based on new DBE and NSS/ NCS
examination papers. To ensure that learners work with the most relevant and up-to-date
content, learners and parents are encouraged to confirm that they are using the latest
version of the notes.
Please note that these notes are compiled only as a study aid for exam preparation and
do not replace the prescribed textbook.
If you are unsure whether you have the latest version, please feel free to contact me at:
Good luck. Juffrou Ansie
Content:
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING ........................................................ 3
ENTREPRENEURSHIP .................................................................................................. 18
PRODUCTION FACTORS ......................................................................................... 19
BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS ................................................................................ 31
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 2
Multiple choice questions.
Niche A market approach that focuses on a small target segment of
the market
Retailers Retailers in a market divide large shipments of products to
sell them in smaller units.
The straight line Y in the graph below represents the demand
for a product.
Country The factor of production that has a financial value and is a
primary natural agricultural resource
A male animal that has 48 pairs of autosomes and an XY chromosome
98 chromosomes will
have the following
Marketing chain The path a product takes from the farmer to the consumer
Variable costs The costs that depend on the production of a business in a
farming enterprise
Insurance A form of risk management where a contract ensures
guaranteed compensation for losses
Permanently The type of farm worker who works throughout the year
Genetic modification An example of biotechnology.
Deficit The quantity of products demanded exceeds the quantities
supplied.
Excess The quantity of products supplied exceeds the quantity
demanded
Contract A legally binding document between the farmer and the farm
worker that must be signed at the time of employment
Inheritance The transmission of traits from parents to offspring
Green marketing/eco- A marketing approach that responds to growing concerns
labelling about the environment
Motivation Providing incentives and recognising work with rewards to
increase labour productivity
Pedigree choice Pedigree selection is based on the quality of the animal's
ancestors
Haemophilia Haemophilia is a sex-linked trait characterized by blood
clotting failure.
Heterozygous An individual who has different alleles for a specific gene on
each homologous chromosome
Polygenic inheritance Polygenic inheritance is the phenomenon in which a trait is
determined by several pairs of genes.
Question The quantity of the product that can be purchased by
consumers at a given price
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 3
Price determination. A situation in the market where the price of goods is kept
constant, regardless of the cost of production, is known as
price fixing.
Law of supply An economic concept where production output does not
increase at the same rate as fertilizer application increases
Cash flow statement A financial record showing receipts and payments over a
given period of time
Control The management principle that involves evaluating plans and
remediation to achieve set goals
Species crossing
Biolistic A modification technique where a gene gun is used to fire
bullets coated with desired genes is known as biolistic
Grant The funding was provided for a specific purpose and not
repaid.
Financial A management skill a farmer needs to understand taxes and
interest rates
Sex linked A trait represented by XhY with X HX h genotype
Promotion/advertising The process of attracting consumers to a specific product
through various forms of communication
Labor productivity A measure of production output in the labour force
Quantitative The genetic characteristics that give rise to a range of
phenotypes
Environment A type of risk that occurs when genes from genetically
modified crops are transferred to wild plants that make them
herbicide resistant
Multi-segmented Divide potential consumers into groups based on common
marketing characteristics and develop a strategy that suits them
Green marketing Marketing products packaged in recyclable materials
Niche marketing Addresses the need for a product by a small segment of the
market that mainstream suppliers are not meeting
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND
MARKETING
A farmer must understand how the market works and how to best position the product.
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 4
MARKETING@JUN DBE/2021
Definition of the concept of marketing. The process of planning and executing the
conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to
consumers.
Roles of legislation in agricultural marketing@JUN DBE/2021
↘ Increase market access for all participants
↘ Control sales and export of perishable products
↘ Set and maintain national standards
↘ Promote food safety
↘ Regulate market agents and improve their functioning
↘ Promote a fair, accessible and sustainable marketplace for consumer products and
services
↘ Prevent unfair marketing and business practices
The diagram below shows examples of different marketing approaches.@DBE JUN 2022
Mass Marketing E.g. Multi-segment marketing E.g.
A farmer decides to use a type of A producer divides the target market
marketing with one offer or one into different segments to target
strategy that will appeal to most each of them with a different
consumers message or product.
APPROACH
Niche Marketing E.g.
New farmers sell pasteurized goat milk
to local consumers allergic to cow's
milk
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
Agricultural Sciences
Paper 2
GRADE 12
JUNE EXAM 2026
Previous exam papers were used to compile these notes, SC/NSC_ DBE/JUN 2021, 2022, 2023.
Important:
These study notes are revised and updated every year based on new DBE and NSS/ NCS
examination papers. To ensure that learners work with the most relevant and up-to-date
content, learners and parents are encouraged to confirm that they are using the latest
version of the notes.
Please note that these notes are compiled only as a study aid for exam preparation and
do not replace the prescribed textbook.
If you are unsure whether you have the latest version, please feel free to contact me at:
Good luck. Juffrou Ansie
Content:
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING ........................................................ 3
ENTREPRENEURSHIP .................................................................................................. 18
PRODUCTION FACTORS ......................................................................................... 19
BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS ................................................................................ 31
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 2
Multiple choice questions.
Niche A market approach that focuses on a small target segment of
the market
Retailers Retailers in a market divide large shipments of products to
sell them in smaller units.
The straight line Y in the graph below represents the demand
for a product.
Country The factor of production that has a financial value and is a
primary natural agricultural resource
A male animal that has 48 pairs of autosomes and an XY chromosome
98 chromosomes will
have the following
Marketing chain The path a product takes from the farmer to the consumer
Variable costs The costs that depend on the production of a business in a
farming enterprise
Insurance A form of risk management where a contract ensures
guaranteed compensation for losses
Permanently The type of farm worker who works throughout the year
Genetic modification An example of biotechnology.
Deficit The quantity of products demanded exceeds the quantities
supplied.
Excess The quantity of products supplied exceeds the quantity
demanded
Contract A legally binding document between the farmer and the farm
worker that must be signed at the time of employment
Inheritance The transmission of traits from parents to offspring
Green marketing/eco- A marketing approach that responds to growing concerns
labelling about the environment
Motivation Providing incentives and recognising work with rewards to
increase labour productivity
Pedigree choice Pedigree selection is based on the quality of the animal's
ancestors
Haemophilia Haemophilia is a sex-linked trait characterized by blood
clotting failure.
Heterozygous An individual who has different alleles for a specific gene on
each homologous chromosome
Polygenic inheritance Polygenic inheritance is the phenomenon in which a trait is
determined by several pairs of genes.
Question The quantity of the product that can be purchased by
consumers at a given price
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 3
Price determination. A situation in the market where the price of goods is kept
constant, regardless of the cost of production, is known as
price fixing.
Law of supply An economic concept where production output does not
increase at the same rate as fertilizer application increases
Cash flow statement A financial record showing receipts and payments over a
given period of time
Control The management principle that involves evaluating plans and
remediation to achieve set goals
Species crossing
Biolistic A modification technique where a gene gun is used to fire
bullets coated with desired genes is known as biolistic
Grant The funding was provided for a specific purpose and not
repaid.
Financial A management skill a farmer needs to understand taxes and
interest rates
Sex linked A trait represented by XhY with X HX h genotype
Promotion/advertising The process of attracting consumers to a specific product
through various forms of communication
Labor productivity A measure of production output in the labour force
Quantitative The genetic characteristics that give rise to a range of
phenotypes
Environment A type of risk that occurs when genes from genetically
modified crops are transferred to wild plants that make them
herbicide resistant
Multi-segmented Divide potential consumers into groups based on common
marketing characteristics and develop a strategy that suits them
Green marketing Marketing products packaged in recyclable materials
Niche marketing Addresses the need for a product by a small segment of the
market that mainstream suppliers are not meeting
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND
MARKETING
A farmer must understand how the market works and how to best position the product.
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 4
MARKETING@JUN DBE/2021
Definition of the concept of marketing. The process of planning and executing the
conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to
consumers.
Roles of legislation in agricultural marketing@JUN DBE/2021
↘ Increase market access for all participants
↘ Control sales and export of perishable products
↘ Set and maintain national standards
↘ Promote food safety
↘ Regulate market agents and improve their functioning
↘ Promote a fair, accessible and sustainable marketplace for consumer products and
services
↘ Prevent unfair marketing and business practices
The diagram below shows examples of different marketing approaches.@DBE JUN 2022
Mass Marketing E.g. Multi-segment marketing E.g.
A farmer decides to use a type of A producer divides the target market
marketing with one offer or one into different segments to target
strategy that will appeal to most each of them with a different
consumers message or product.
APPROACH
Niche Marketing E.g.
New farmers sell pasteurized goat milk
to local consumers allergic to cow's
milk
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
