PSYC 2301 FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS
Define psychology - Answers - the scientific study of mind and behavior
Define the scientific method and explain how it is used in psychology - Answers -
scientific method: is the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures
Scientists collect, organize, and draw conclusions from data
Data: information collected through formal observation or measurement
What are the major schools of thought and theoretical perspectives in psychology -
Answers - biological psychology, behaviorism, psychoanalysis (psychodynamic),
humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, evolutionary psychology, sociocultural
psychology
Behaviorism - Answers - focus on observable behavior//experiences shape
behavior//law of learning
Psychoanalysis - Answers - treatment based on psychodynamic (psychoanalytic)
theory//unconscious conflicts are interpreted by the analyst//interpretation of dreams;
free association//founder: Freud
Humanistic psychology - Answers - free will//self esteem//self-actualization
Cognitive perspective - Answers - includes information processing//computer
metaphor//Piaget
Evolutionary psychology - Answers - fitness for survival//reproduction//natural selection
Biological pyschology - Answers - interaction between biology and behavior: brain,
nervous system, endocrine system, genetics, nutrition, exercise, stress
Sociocultural approach - Answers - humans influenced by: social situations and
culture... Also the differences in these two
What are the research methods - Answers - naturalistic observation, laboratory
observations, case study, survey, correlation, correlation coefficient
Case study - Answers - in depth study of one or more individual's experiences and
behavior
Survey - Answers - interview or questionnaire about measuring beliefs or behaviors in a
sample group
,Naturalistic observation - Answers - research based on the observation of everyday
events (natural settings)
Laboratory observation - Answers - descriptive research conducted observation of
behavior in controlled setting
Correlation - Answers - a relationship between variables
Correlation coefficient - Answers - the strength and direction of a linear relationship. It
ranges from -1 to +1
Sample - Answers - the people chosen to participate in a research project
Population - Answers - the people the researcher wants to know about
Experimental method - Answers - research to demonstrate a cause and effect
relationship between variables
Independent variable - Answers - the causing variable, manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable - Answers - the measured variable that is expected to be influence
by the experimental manipulation
Hypothesis - Answers - states how the independent variable will cause the dependent
variable to change
Experimental group - Answers - exposed to the experimental manipulation
Control group - Answers - not exposed to the experimental manipulation (or exposed to
a different level of the manipulation)
Random assignment - Answers - participants have an equal chance of being in either
group. They are assigned to groups randomly
Placebo - Answers - a control group which receives an inactive treatment
Placebo effects - Answers - changes caused by participant expectations
Double blind technique - Answers - both the researcher and the research participants
are blind to condition
Experimenter bias - Answers - the influence of the experimenter's expectations on the
outcome of research
, Outline the ethical standards that psychological researchers must follow - Answers -
minimize harm//voluntary participation//protect privacy//informed consent--tell them
about research and that they can quit//minimize deception//debriefing
Psychiatrists - Answers - M.D.//physicians can prescribe drugs
Psychologists - Answers - Ph.D. Or Psy. D//research, teaching, or therapy
Neurons (nerve cells) - Answers - transmit and receive neural impulses
Dendrite - Answers - receives information
Cell body (soma) - Answers - nucleus, keeps cell alive
Axon - Answers - transmits information to another neuron
Resting potential - Answers - interior of neuron has more negative ions and no signal is
being transmitted
Action potential - Answers - a brief electrical impulse that along the axon when positive
ions rush in
Communication between neurons - Answers - electrical impulse terminal buttons at the
end of an axon//neurotransmitter chemicals produced
Synapse - Answers - gap or junction between neurons where neurotransmitter
chemicals cross to receptor sites on dendrites
Neurotransmitters - Answers - chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs
within the terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic
gap to the next neuron
Acetylcholine - Answers - memory, sleep; Alzheimer's
Norepinephrine - Answers - stress, learning, ADHD, depression
Dopamine - Answers - pleasure, learning, emotion, motivation, movement;
Schizophrenia
Serotonin - Answers - mood, appetite, sleep, depression
Endorphins - Answers - pain reliever; drug addiction
Neurotransmitter chemicals - Answers - affect learning, memory, mood, behavior and
mental illness
Define psychology - Answers - the scientific study of mind and behavior
Define the scientific method and explain how it is used in psychology - Answers -
scientific method: is the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures
Scientists collect, organize, and draw conclusions from data
Data: information collected through formal observation or measurement
What are the major schools of thought and theoretical perspectives in psychology -
Answers - biological psychology, behaviorism, psychoanalysis (psychodynamic),
humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, evolutionary psychology, sociocultural
psychology
Behaviorism - Answers - focus on observable behavior//experiences shape
behavior//law of learning
Psychoanalysis - Answers - treatment based on psychodynamic (psychoanalytic)
theory//unconscious conflicts are interpreted by the analyst//interpretation of dreams;
free association//founder: Freud
Humanistic psychology - Answers - free will//self esteem//self-actualization
Cognitive perspective - Answers - includes information processing//computer
metaphor//Piaget
Evolutionary psychology - Answers - fitness for survival//reproduction//natural selection
Biological pyschology - Answers - interaction between biology and behavior: brain,
nervous system, endocrine system, genetics, nutrition, exercise, stress
Sociocultural approach - Answers - humans influenced by: social situations and
culture... Also the differences in these two
What are the research methods - Answers - naturalistic observation, laboratory
observations, case study, survey, correlation, correlation coefficient
Case study - Answers - in depth study of one or more individual's experiences and
behavior
Survey - Answers - interview or questionnaire about measuring beliefs or behaviors in a
sample group
,Naturalistic observation - Answers - research based on the observation of everyday
events (natural settings)
Laboratory observation - Answers - descriptive research conducted observation of
behavior in controlled setting
Correlation - Answers - a relationship between variables
Correlation coefficient - Answers - the strength and direction of a linear relationship. It
ranges from -1 to +1
Sample - Answers - the people chosen to participate in a research project
Population - Answers - the people the researcher wants to know about
Experimental method - Answers - research to demonstrate a cause and effect
relationship between variables
Independent variable - Answers - the causing variable, manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable - Answers - the measured variable that is expected to be influence
by the experimental manipulation
Hypothesis - Answers - states how the independent variable will cause the dependent
variable to change
Experimental group - Answers - exposed to the experimental manipulation
Control group - Answers - not exposed to the experimental manipulation (or exposed to
a different level of the manipulation)
Random assignment - Answers - participants have an equal chance of being in either
group. They are assigned to groups randomly
Placebo - Answers - a control group which receives an inactive treatment
Placebo effects - Answers - changes caused by participant expectations
Double blind technique - Answers - both the researcher and the research participants
are blind to condition
Experimenter bias - Answers - the influence of the experimenter's expectations on the
outcome of research
, Outline the ethical standards that psychological researchers must follow - Answers -
minimize harm//voluntary participation//protect privacy//informed consent--tell them
about research and that they can quit//minimize deception//debriefing
Psychiatrists - Answers - M.D.//physicians can prescribe drugs
Psychologists - Answers - Ph.D. Or Psy. D//research, teaching, or therapy
Neurons (nerve cells) - Answers - transmit and receive neural impulses
Dendrite - Answers - receives information
Cell body (soma) - Answers - nucleus, keeps cell alive
Axon - Answers - transmits information to another neuron
Resting potential - Answers - interior of neuron has more negative ions and no signal is
being transmitted
Action potential - Answers - a brief electrical impulse that along the axon when positive
ions rush in
Communication between neurons - Answers - electrical impulse terminal buttons at the
end of an axon//neurotransmitter chemicals produced
Synapse - Answers - gap or junction between neurons where neurotransmitter
chemicals cross to receptor sites on dendrites
Neurotransmitters - Answers - chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs
within the terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic
gap to the next neuron
Acetylcholine - Answers - memory, sleep; Alzheimer's
Norepinephrine - Answers - stress, learning, ADHD, depression
Dopamine - Answers - pleasure, learning, emotion, motivation, movement;
Schizophrenia
Serotonin - Answers - mood, appetite, sleep, depression
Endorphins - Answers - pain reliever; drug addiction
Neurotransmitter chemicals - Answers - affect learning, memory, mood, behavior and
mental illness
