PSYC 2301 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What is psychology? - Answers - The study of behavior and mental processes.
>Parents: Philosophy and Physiology
Psychoanalytic Approach/Psychoanalysis - Answers - School of thought that
emphasizes dreams, childhood memories, and the unconscious.
>Freud & Erikson
Behavioral Approach/Behaviorism - Answers - School of thought that emphasizes the
study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.
>Direct opposition to psychoanalytic theory
>Pavlov, Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Bandura
Humanistic Approach - Answers - School of thought that emphasizes an individual's
self-concept, free will, and positive qualities.
>Maslow & Rogers
Cognitive Threory - Answers - The field that examines attention, consciousness, and
information processing.
>Piaget
Evolutionary Theory - Answers - The belief that the way we have evolved is traceable to
problems early humans faced in adapting to their environment. "Nature vs. Nurture"
>David Buss
Biological Theory - Answers - The belief that behavior can be explained in terms of
biochemical processes that influence how organisms behave.
Psychiatrist vs. Psychologist - Answers - >Psychiatrist - Ph.D., can prescribe medication
>Psychologist - Doctoral
Scientific Method - Answers - Steps used to gather research:
1. Formulate hypothesis
2. Design study/Select research method
3. Collect data
4. Analyze data/Draw Conclusions
5. Report findings
Research Method - Answers - Different approaches to the observation, measurement,
manipulation, and control of variables.
Naturalistic Observation - Answers - Research method in which the researcher
observes the subject in their natural habitat.
, Case Studies - Answers - Research method in which the researcher takes an in-depth
look at a single individual.
Correlational Studies - Answers - Research method that exposes the relationship
between two variables.
Surveys - Answers - A series of questions given in test form.
>Self-report
Experimental Studies - Answers - Research method in which the researcher
manipulates a variable to present changes.
Cross-Sectional Research - Answers - Research done on a number of people, at
different ages, who are assessed at one point in time.
Longitudinal Research - Answers - Research done on the same participants over a long
period of time.
Population - Answers - The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw
conclusions from.
Sample - Answers - A collection of subjects selected for observation in a research
method study.
Representative Sample - Answers - A sample that reflects the characteristics of the
population from which it is drawn.
Experimental Group - Answers - The group that receives the special treatment.
Control Group - Answers - Group that receives placebo.
Placebo - Answers - Empty, fake treatments that provide expectations for the control
and experimental groups.
Placebo Effect - Answers - Fake experimental results caused by expectations alone.
APA Guidelines of Ethics - Answers - Enforced to prevent harm to subjects
>Participation should be voluntary; "informed concent"
>Subject should not be exposed to harmful procedures
>If requires deception, researcher must debrief
>Harmful procedures upon animals must be justified.
>Approval should be obtained from institutions and review committee
Neuron - Answers - Nerve cells/Brain cells that receive and transmit information.
Glial Cell - Answers - Mom cell; Clean up after brain cells and provide nourishment.
What is psychology? - Answers - The study of behavior and mental processes.
>Parents: Philosophy and Physiology
Psychoanalytic Approach/Psychoanalysis - Answers - School of thought that
emphasizes dreams, childhood memories, and the unconscious.
>Freud & Erikson
Behavioral Approach/Behaviorism - Answers - School of thought that emphasizes the
study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.
>Direct opposition to psychoanalytic theory
>Pavlov, Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Bandura
Humanistic Approach - Answers - School of thought that emphasizes an individual's
self-concept, free will, and positive qualities.
>Maslow & Rogers
Cognitive Threory - Answers - The field that examines attention, consciousness, and
information processing.
>Piaget
Evolutionary Theory - Answers - The belief that the way we have evolved is traceable to
problems early humans faced in adapting to their environment. "Nature vs. Nurture"
>David Buss
Biological Theory - Answers - The belief that behavior can be explained in terms of
biochemical processes that influence how organisms behave.
Psychiatrist vs. Psychologist - Answers - >Psychiatrist - Ph.D., can prescribe medication
>Psychologist - Doctoral
Scientific Method - Answers - Steps used to gather research:
1. Formulate hypothesis
2. Design study/Select research method
3. Collect data
4. Analyze data/Draw Conclusions
5. Report findings
Research Method - Answers - Different approaches to the observation, measurement,
manipulation, and control of variables.
Naturalistic Observation - Answers - Research method in which the researcher
observes the subject in their natural habitat.
, Case Studies - Answers - Research method in which the researcher takes an in-depth
look at a single individual.
Correlational Studies - Answers - Research method that exposes the relationship
between two variables.
Surveys - Answers - A series of questions given in test form.
>Self-report
Experimental Studies - Answers - Research method in which the researcher
manipulates a variable to present changes.
Cross-Sectional Research - Answers - Research done on a number of people, at
different ages, who are assessed at one point in time.
Longitudinal Research - Answers - Research done on the same participants over a long
period of time.
Population - Answers - The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw
conclusions from.
Sample - Answers - A collection of subjects selected for observation in a research
method study.
Representative Sample - Answers - A sample that reflects the characteristics of the
population from which it is drawn.
Experimental Group - Answers - The group that receives the special treatment.
Control Group - Answers - Group that receives placebo.
Placebo - Answers - Empty, fake treatments that provide expectations for the control
and experimental groups.
Placebo Effect - Answers - Fake experimental results caused by expectations alone.
APA Guidelines of Ethics - Answers - Enforced to prevent harm to subjects
>Participation should be voluntary; "informed concent"
>Subject should not be exposed to harmful procedures
>If requires deception, researcher must debrief
>Harmful procedures upon animals must be justified.
>Approval should be obtained from institutions and review committee
Neuron - Answers - Nerve cells/Brain cells that receive and transmit information.
Glial Cell - Answers - Mom cell; Clean up after brain cells and provide nourishment.
