PSYCH 111 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
Learning - Answers - Any relative permanent change in behavior that occurs because of
experience
Conditioning - Answers - A kind of learning that involves associations between
environmental stimuli and responses
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) - Answers - The organism learns to associate two
stimuli; one produces a response that originally was only produce by the other
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - Answers - Elicits the unconditioned response
Unconditioned Response (UR) - Answers - Response which is automatically produced
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - Answers - Originally neutral stimulus that elicits a behavior
after being paired with a US
Conditioned Response (CR) - Answers - Response elicited by the conditioned stimulus
Acquisition - Answers - Phase of classic conditioning when the US and CS are paired
together
Extinction - Answers - Repeat the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned
stimulus over time and the conditioned response will disappear
Spontaneous Recovery - Answers - After a response has been extinguished it may
spontaneously reappear after the passage of time with exposure to the conditioned
stimulus
Higher Order Conditioning - Answers - Pairing a neutral stimulus with the conditioned
stimulus will create another conditioned stimulus, although a weaker conditioned
response; more likely to show extinction
Stimulus Generalization - Answers - After a stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
for some response, other, similar stimuli may produce the same reaction
Stimulus Discrimination - Answers - One learns to realize the differences between
similar stimuli (alarm clock v. fire alarm)
Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Learning - Answers - Behavior is dependent on its
consequences
, Thorndike - Answers - Studied cats to understand learning behaviors (cats in trap with
food as reward)
Law of Effect - Answers - A satisfying result strengthens/increases a behavior
B.F. Skinner - Answers - All behavior is explained by looking outside the individual.
People (and animals) tend to repeat behaviors which have positive consequences;
decrease behaviors which have negative consequences
Neutral Consequence - Answers - Not more or less likely to see behavior patterns
change
Reinforcement - Answers - Anything which will make a response more likely to occur
Punishment - Answers - Anything which will make a response less likely to occur
Primary Reinforcers - Answers - Satisfy biological needs (food, sex, water)
Secondary Reinforcers - Answers - Satisfy through association with primary reinforcers
(money, praise, grades)
Positive Punishment - Answers - Something occurs (a stimulus is presented) to
decrease a behavior (spanked)
Negative Punishment - Answers - Something is removed to decrease a behavior (no
TV)
Continuous Learning Schedule - Answers - Reward/punishment occurs each time the
behavior occurs
Intermittent/Partial Learning Schedule - Answers - Reward/punishment occurs when a
response occurs only some of the time (more effective)
Ratio Schedule - Answers - Reinforcement after a certain fixed number of responses
Interval Schedule - Answers - Reinforcement after a certain amount of time has passed
and the desire behavior has occurred
Fixed Ratio Schedule - Answers - Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses
(every four times)
Variable Ratio Schedule - Answers - Reinforcement after some average number of
responses (on average 7 times)
Fixed Interval Schedule - Answers - Reinforcement occurs after a fixed amount of time
has passed since the past reinforcer (every 5 minutes)
Learning - Answers - Any relative permanent change in behavior that occurs because of
experience
Conditioning - Answers - A kind of learning that involves associations between
environmental stimuli and responses
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) - Answers - The organism learns to associate two
stimuli; one produces a response that originally was only produce by the other
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - Answers - Elicits the unconditioned response
Unconditioned Response (UR) - Answers - Response which is automatically produced
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - Answers - Originally neutral stimulus that elicits a behavior
after being paired with a US
Conditioned Response (CR) - Answers - Response elicited by the conditioned stimulus
Acquisition - Answers - Phase of classic conditioning when the US and CS are paired
together
Extinction - Answers - Repeat the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned
stimulus over time and the conditioned response will disappear
Spontaneous Recovery - Answers - After a response has been extinguished it may
spontaneously reappear after the passage of time with exposure to the conditioned
stimulus
Higher Order Conditioning - Answers - Pairing a neutral stimulus with the conditioned
stimulus will create another conditioned stimulus, although a weaker conditioned
response; more likely to show extinction
Stimulus Generalization - Answers - After a stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
for some response, other, similar stimuli may produce the same reaction
Stimulus Discrimination - Answers - One learns to realize the differences between
similar stimuli (alarm clock v. fire alarm)
Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Learning - Answers - Behavior is dependent on its
consequences
, Thorndike - Answers - Studied cats to understand learning behaviors (cats in trap with
food as reward)
Law of Effect - Answers - A satisfying result strengthens/increases a behavior
B.F. Skinner - Answers - All behavior is explained by looking outside the individual.
People (and animals) tend to repeat behaviors which have positive consequences;
decrease behaviors which have negative consequences
Neutral Consequence - Answers - Not more or less likely to see behavior patterns
change
Reinforcement - Answers - Anything which will make a response more likely to occur
Punishment - Answers - Anything which will make a response less likely to occur
Primary Reinforcers - Answers - Satisfy biological needs (food, sex, water)
Secondary Reinforcers - Answers - Satisfy through association with primary reinforcers
(money, praise, grades)
Positive Punishment - Answers - Something occurs (a stimulus is presented) to
decrease a behavior (spanked)
Negative Punishment - Answers - Something is removed to decrease a behavior (no
TV)
Continuous Learning Schedule - Answers - Reward/punishment occurs each time the
behavior occurs
Intermittent/Partial Learning Schedule - Answers - Reward/punishment occurs when a
response occurs only some of the time (more effective)
Ratio Schedule - Answers - Reinforcement after a certain fixed number of responses
Interval Schedule - Answers - Reinforcement after a certain amount of time has passed
and the desire behavior has occurred
Fixed Ratio Schedule - Answers - Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses
(every four times)
Variable Ratio Schedule - Answers - Reinforcement after some average number of
responses (on average 7 times)
Fixed Interval Schedule - Answers - Reinforcement occurs after a fixed amount of time
has passed since the past reinforcer (every 5 minutes)
