PSYCH 111 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Psychology - Answers - The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior.
Multiply Determined - Answers - There is more than one influence; hard to isolate one
specific factor.
Individual Differences - Answers - Variations among people in their thinking, emotion,
personality, and behavior.
Naive Realism - Answers - The belief that we see the world exactly how it is. "Seeing is
believing"
Empiricism - Answers - The idea that predictions should first be based off of
observations.
Confirmation Bias - Answers - The tendency to seek out evidence that supports our
hypotheses, and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that disproves them.
Belief Perseverance - Answers - The tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when
evidence contradicts them.
Structuralism - Answers - Scientific Goal: To identify basic elements of experience. Left
legacy of systematic observation.
Functionalism - Answers - Scientific Goal: To understand the functions of thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors - concerned with the brain's software.
Behaviorism - Answers - Scientific Goal: To uncover the general principles of learning.
Left legacy of objective research - focused on observable behavior.
Cognitivism - Answers - Scientific Goal: To examine the role of mental processes on
behavior. Influential on language, problem-solving, concept formation, intelligence,
memory, psychotherapy.
Psychoanalysis - Answers - Scientific Goal: To uncover the role of unconscious
psychological processes and early life experiences on behavior. Left legacy that mental
processes often go on outside of conscious awareness.
Psuedoscience - Answers - A set of claims that seem scientific but aren't.
Ad Hoc Immunizing Hypothesis - Answers - A loophole that prevents a theory from
being falsified.
Patternicity - Answers - Our tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli.
,Scientific Skepticism - Answers - Approaching things with an open mind, and insisting
on adequate evidence before accepting a claim.
Ruling out Rival Hypotheses, Correlation vs. Causation, Falsifiability, Replicability,
Extraordinary Claims/Extraordinary Evidence, Occam's Razor - Answers - Scientific
Thinking (6 Principles).
External Validity - Answers - The extent that our findings can generalize the real world.
Internal Validity - Answers - The extent to which we can draw cause and effect
inferences.
Naturalistic Observations - Answers - Observe behaviors that may not be shown in the
lab; high in EV, low in IV.
Case Study Designs - Answers - Researchers examine one person/small group in depth
over a long period of time; low in IV.
Self-Reports/Surveys - Answers - Administer a questionnaire to a random sample,
measure the reliability and validity; low in IV.
Test-Retest Reliability - Answers - The stability of a measurement over time.
Interrater Reliability - Answers - Two people are asked to rate a third person - if results
are consistent, rating is high in ________.
Convergent Validity - Answers - Is measure similar to things that it should be similar to?
Discriminant Validity - Answers - Does the measure NOT measure what it's NOT
supposed to?
Correlational Designs - Answers - Examines the extent to which two variables are
associated statistically; low in IV.
Experimental Designs - Answers - Manipulation of potential "cause" and look for effects
on other measured variables; high in IV, low in EV.
Placebo Effect - Answers - Improving solely because they expected to improve. Why it
is important to keep participants blind to their "condition."
Experimenter Expectancy Effect - Answers - Experimenters unintentionally bias their
results to support their hypotheses. Why it is important to keep experimenters blind to
their participants' "conditions."
, Intelligence - Answers - The ability to reason abstractly, learn to adapt to novel
environmental circumstances, acquire knowledge, benefit from experience.
Sensory Capacity - Answers - The idea that knowledge comes from the senses.
Abstract Thinking - Answers - The ability to think hypothetically; ability to reason.
General Intelligence - Answers - The idea that "some people are just smarter than
others."
Specific Abilities - Answers - The idea that a person can be good at just one (or more)
aspects of intelligence.
Fluid Intelligence - Answers - The capacity to learn new ways to solve new problems;
declines with age, adds to crystallized intelligence.
Crystallized Intelligence - Answers - The cumulative intelligence that we acquire over
time.
Linguistics - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who write/speak well
Logico-Mathematical - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who can use math to
solve scientific problems.
Spatial - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who can think and reason about
objects in 3D space.
Musical - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who have the ability to understand,
interpret, and enjoy music.
Bodily-Kinesthetic - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who have the ability to
manipulate their body for sport/athletic endeavors.
Interpersonal - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who have the ability to interact
well with other people.
Intrapersonal - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who have the ability to reflect in
on themselves.
Naturalistic - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who have the ability to understand
animals, plants, and other living things.
Analytical, Practical, Creative - Answers - Triarchic Model of Intelligence.
Psychology - Answers - The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior.
Multiply Determined - Answers - There is more than one influence; hard to isolate one
specific factor.
Individual Differences - Answers - Variations among people in their thinking, emotion,
personality, and behavior.
Naive Realism - Answers - The belief that we see the world exactly how it is. "Seeing is
believing"
Empiricism - Answers - The idea that predictions should first be based off of
observations.
Confirmation Bias - Answers - The tendency to seek out evidence that supports our
hypotheses, and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that disproves them.
Belief Perseverance - Answers - The tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when
evidence contradicts them.
Structuralism - Answers - Scientific Goal: To identify basic elements of experience. Left
legacy of systematic observation.
Functionalism - Answers - Scientific Goal: To understand the functions of thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors - concerned with the brain's software.
Behaviorism - Answers - Scientific Goal: To uncover the general principles of learning.
Left legacy of objective research - focused on observable behavior.
Cognitivism - Answers - Scientific Goal: To examine the role of mental processes on
behavior. Influential on language, problem-solving, concept formation, intelligence,
memory, psychotherapy.
Psychoanalysis - Answers - Scientific Goal: To uncover the role of unconscious
psychological processes and early life experiences on behavior. Left legacy that mental
processes often go on outside of conscious awareness.
Psuedoscience - Answers - A set of claims that seem scientific but aren't.
Ad Hoc Immunizing Hypothesis - Answers - A loophole that prevents a theory from
being falsified.
Patternicity - Answers - Our tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli.
,Scientific Skepticism - Answers - Approaching things with an open mind, and insisting
on adequate evidence before accepting a claim.
Ruling out Rival Hypotheses, Correlation vs. Causation, Falsifiability, Replicability,
Extraordinary Claims/Extraordinary Evidence, Occam's Razor - Answers - Scientific
Thinking (6 Principles).
External Validity - Answers - The extent that our findings can generalize the real world.
Internal Validity - Answers - The extent to which we can draw cause and effect
inferences.
Naturalistic Observations - Answers - Observe behaviors that may not be shown in the
lab; high in EV, low in IV.
Case Study Designs - Answers - Researchers examine one person/small group in depth
over a long period of time; low in IV.
Self-Reports/Surveys - Answers - Administer a questionnaire to a random sample,
measure the reliability and validity; low in IV.
Test-Retest Reliability - Answers - The stability of a measurement over time.
Interrater Reliability - Answers - Two people are asked to rate a third person - if results
are consistent, rating is high in ________.
Convergent Validity - Answers - Is measure similar to things that it should be similar to?
Discriminant Validity - Answers - Does the measure NOT measure what it's NOT
supposed to?
Correlational Designs - Answers - Examines the extent to which two variables are
associated statistically; low in IV.
Experimental Designs - Answers - Manipulation of potential "cause" and look for effects
on other measured variables; high in IV, low in EV.
Placebo Effect - Answers - Improving solely because they expected to improve. Why it
is important to keep participants blind to their "condition."
Experimenter Expectancy Effect - Answers - Experimenters unintentionally bias their
results to support their hypotheses. Why it is important to keep experimenters blind to
their participants' "conditions."
, Intelligence - Answers - The ability to reason abstractly, learn to adapt to novel
environmental circumstances, acquire knowledge, benefit from experience.
Sensory Capacity - Answers - The idea that knowledge comes from the senses.
Abstract Thinking - Answers - The ability to think hypothetically; ability to reason.
General Intelligence - Answers - The idea that "some people are just smarter than
others."
Specific Abilities - Answers - The idea that a person can be good at just one (or more)
aspects of intelligence.
Fluid Intelligence - Answers - The capacity to learn new ways to solve new problems;
declines with age, adds to crystallized intelligence.
Crystallized Intelligence - Answers - The cumulative intelligence that we acquire over
time.
Linguistics - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who write/speak well
Logico-Mathematical - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who can use math to
solve scientific problems.
Spatial - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who can think and reason about
objects in 3D space.
Musical - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who have the ability to understand,
interpret, and enjoy music.
Bodily-Kinesthetic - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who have the ability to
manipulate their body for sport/athletic endeavors.
Interpersonal - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who have the ability to interact
well with other people.
Intrapersonal - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who have the ability to reflect in
on themselves.
Naturalistic - Answers - Multiple Intelligences: People who have the ability to understand
animals, plants, and other living things.
Analytical, Practical, Creative - Answers - Triarchic Model of Intelligence.
