Law Enforcement Exam 2 (2025) – Study Guide and Exam
Revision Material
Advantages of hiring women and racial minorities - ANS ✔✔enlarge the pool of competent
candidates, reduce use of excessive force, assist in the implementation of COP, improve
response to violence against women, reduce discrimination/ sexual harassment, being
beneficial changes in policy for all officers
Obstacles for women in policing - ANS ✔✔traditional image of male officer, forced to seek a
balance between police and women, attitudes and behavior of male colleagues, academy and
FTO training is male orientated
Double marginality - ANS ✔✔According to Nicholas Alex, the social burden that African
American police officers carry by being both minority group members and law enforcement
officers
Triple jeopardy - ANS ✔✔Black, female, police officer
Black officers difference in policing - ANS ✔✔in social justice/equality, black and white officers
tend to be similar, process of selecting officers and socialization may have eliminated social
justice advantages to black community of having black officers
Initiation into the culture (police socialization) - ANS ✔✔Initiation into the culture: love the job,
settle down,
Development of working personality (police socialization) - ANS ✔✔danger, authority, and
efficiency lead to the personality, characterized by suspiciousness, solidarity, and authorization
Acceptance of the informal system (police socialization) - ANS ✔✔learning through experience,
at the academy, riding with an FTO, interacting with peers on a daily basis
, Watchmen style (departmental style) - ANS ✔✔emphasizes the maintenance of public order,
wide latitude of discretion based primarily their sense of justice, less likely to invoke CJ system
for minor infractions
Legalistic style (departmental style) - ANS ✔✔emphasized crime fighting and control of
behavior, discretion is discouraged, implement CJ system as frequently as possible
Service style (departmental style) - ANS ✔✔emphasize responsiveness to community
expectations, less formal than legalistic and more controlled than watchmen, invoke CJ system
only when necessary
Michael K. Brown (individual style) - ANS ✔✔Used 2 behavioral dimensions to classify officers
Selectivity: how selective law enforcement
Aggressiveness: on street- how aggressive in pursuit of goal of crime control
William Ker Muir (individual style) - ANS ✔✔Used 2 attitudinal dimensions.
Perspective: intellectually understand nature of human suffering
Morality of coercion: morally resolve the contradiction of achieving just ends with coercive
means
Types of Corruption - ANS ✔✔Gratuities (free meals, etc.), bribes, theft, burglary, internal
corruption,
Rotten apples and rotten packets (level of corruption) - ANS ✔✔A few officers independently
invoke in corrupt acts, grass-eaters: passively accept what is offered, meat-eaters: aggressively
demand favors
Revision Material
Advantages of hiring women and racial minorities - ANS ✔✔enlarge the pool of competent
candidates, reduce use of excessive force, assist in the implementation of COP, improve
response to violence against women, reduce discrimination/ sexual harassment, being
beneficial changes in policy for all officers
Obstacles for women in policing - ANS ✔✔traditional image of male officer, forced to seek a
balance between police and women, attitudes and behavior of male colleagues, academy and
FTO training is male orientated
Double marginality - ANS ✔✔According to Nicholas Alex, the social burden that African
American police officers carry by being both minority group members and law enforcement
officers
Triple jeopardy - ANS ✔✔Black, female, police officer
Black officers difference in policing - ANS ✔✔in social justice/equality, black and white officers
tend to be similar, process of selecting officers and socialization may have eliminated social
justice advantages to black community of having black officers
Initiation into the culture (police socialization) - ANS ✔✔Initiation into the culture: love the job,
settle down,
Development of working personality (police socialization) - ANS ✔✔danger, authority, and
efficiency lead to the personality, characterized by suspiciousness, solidarity, and authorization
Acceptance of the informal system (police socialization) - ANS ✔✔learning through experience,
at the academy, riding with an FTO, interacting with peers on a daily basis
, Watchmen style (departmental style) - ANS ✔✔emphasizes the maintenance of public order,
wide latitude of discretion based primarily their sense of justice, less likely to invoke CJ system
for minor infractions
Legalistic style (departmental style) - ANS ✔✔emphasized crime fighting and control of
behavior, discretion is discouraged, implement CJ system as frequently as possible
Service style (departmental style) - ANS ✔✔emphasize responsiveness to community
expectations, less formal than legalistic and more controlled than watchmen, invoke CJ system
only when necessary
Michael K. Brown (individual style) - ANS ✔✔Used 2 behavioral dimensions to classify officers
Selectivity: how selective law enforcement
Aggressiveness: on street- how aggressive in pursuit of goal of crime control
William Ker Muir (individual style) - ANS ✔✔Used 2 attitudinal dimensions.
Perspective: intellectually understand nature of human suffering
Morality of coercion: morally resolve the contradiction of achieving just ends with coercive
means
Types of Corruption - ANS ✔✔Gratuities (free meals, etc.), bribes, theft, burglary, internal
corruption,
Rotten apples and rotten packets (level of corruption) - ANS ✔✔A few officers independently
invoke in corrupt acts, grass-eaters: passively accept what is offered, meat-eaters: aggressively
demand favors
