Anatomy and Physiology Final
Exam 2025/2026 – Complete
Questions and Verified Answers
1. Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of negative
feedback in homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔The response
opposes the initial stimulus to maintain a set point
2. A patient has a mutation that prevents the Na+/K+ ATPase from
functioning. Which of the following cellular consequences is most
immediate? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Intracellular sodium
concentration rises, disrupting the resting membrane potential
3. In a voltage-gated sodium channel, the inactivation gate is primarily
responsible for which phase of the action potential? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔Absolute refractory period
4. Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic autonomic neurons?
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Acetylcholine (ACh)
5. A lesion in the left Broca’s area typically results in which deficit? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Non-fluent aphasia with preserved
comprehension
6. Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Conscious perception of pain
,7. The renal threshold for glucose is exceeded when plasma glucose
concentration rises above approximately which value? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔180 mg/dL
8. A patient has metabolic alkalosis with a normal anion gap. Which of the
following is the most likely underlying cause? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔Loss of gastric acid via vomiting
9. During heavy exercise, which buffer system is the most rapidly responding
in the blood? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Bicarbonate buffer system
10.What is the primary determinant of alveolar partial pressure of oxygen
(PAO₂) under steady-state conditions? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Alveolar
ventilation and oxygen consumption
11.Which lung volume cannot be measured directly by simple spirometry? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Residual volume
12.In a patient with restrictive lung disease, which pulmonary function test
finding is most characteristic? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Reduced total
lung capacity (TLC) with normal FEV1/FVC ratio
13.The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as which chemical
form? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
14.Which of the following cardiac cell types has the fastest intrinsic pacemaker
rate? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Sinoatrial (SA) node cells
15.The second heart sound (S2) corresponds to which cardiac event? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
,16.In an ECG, the QT interval represents which electrical event? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔Total ventricular depolarization and repolarization
17.Which factor most directly increases stroke volume by the Frank-Starling
mechanism? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Increased end-diastolic volume
18.A patient has a blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg and a heart rate of 80 bpm.
What is their mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔120
mmHg
19.Which hormone directly causes vasoconstriction and increased blood
pressure by acting on vascular smooth muscle? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔Angiotensin II
20.Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water in the absence of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Collecting duct
21.The macula densa senses which parameter to regulate glomerular filtration
rate via tubuloglomerular feedback? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Sodium
chloride concentration in the distal tubule
22.Which of the following is an example of a symport (co-transporter) in the
proximal tubule? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔SGLT2 (sodium-glucose
linked transporter)
23.A patient has a plasma creatinine of 2.0 mg/dL and a urine creatinine of 100
mg/dL with a urine flow rate of 1 mL/min. What is the estimated glomerular
filtration rate (GFR)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔50 mL/min
24.Which hormone is the primary regulator of calcium reabsorption in the
kidney? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
, 25.The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the primary site of action
for which class of diuretics? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Loop diuretics
(e.g., furosemide)
26.Which enzyme converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔Renin
27.Which of the following stimulates aldosterone secretion most directly? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Increased plasma potassium concentration
28.In which phase of the menstrual cycle does the luteinizing hormone (LH)
surge occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Late follicular phase, just before
ovulation
29.Which cell type produces testosterone in the testes? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔Leydig cells
30.A patient with a pituitary tumor that secretes excessive growth hormone
before epiphyseal plate closure develops which condition? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔Gigantism
31.Which of the following is an action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone?
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Stimulates osteoclast activity to release
calcium
32.The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex primarily produces which
hormone? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Aldosterone
33.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Insulin resistance
Exam 2025/2026 – Complete
Questions and Verified Answers
1. Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of negative
feedback in homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔The response
opposes the initial stimulus to maintain a set point
2. A patient has a mutation that prevents the Na+/K+ ATPase from
functioning. Which of the following cellular consequences is most
immediate? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Intracellular sodium
concentration rises, disrupting the resting membrane potential
3. In a voltage-gated sodium channel, the inactivation gate is primarily
responsible for which phase of the action potential? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔Absolute refractory period
4. Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic autonomic neurons?
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Acetylcholine (ACh)
5. A lesion in the left Broca’s area typically results in which deficit? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Non-fluent aphasia with preserved
comprehension
6. Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Conscious perception of pain
,7. The renal threshold for glucose is exceeded when plasma glucose
concentration rises above approximately which value? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔180 mg/dL
8. A patient has metabolic alkalosis with a normal anion gap. Which of the
following is the most likely underlying cause? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔Loss of gastric acid via vomiting
9. During heavy exercise, which buffer system is the most rapidly responding
in the blood? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Bicarbonate buffer system
10.What is the primary determinant of alveolar partial pressure of oxygen
(PAO₂) under steady-state conditions? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Alveolar
ventilation and oxygen consumption
11.Which lung volume cannot be measured directly by simple spirometry? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Residual volume
12.In a patient with restrictive lung disease, which pulmonary function test
finding is most characteristic? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Reduced total
lung capacity (TLC) with normal FEV1/FVC ratio
13.The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as which chemical
form? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
14.Which of the following cardiac cell types has the fastest intrinsic pacemaker
rate? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Sinoatrial (SA) node cells
15.The second heart sound (S2) corresponds to which cardiac event? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
,16.In an ECG, the QT interval represents which electrical event? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔Total ventricular depolarization and repolarization
17.Which factor most directly increases stroke volume by the Frank-Starling
mechanism? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Increased end-diastolic volume
18.A patient has a blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg and a heart rate of 80 bpm.
What is their mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔120
mmHg
19.Which hormone directly causes vasoconstriction and increased blood
pressure by acting on vascular smooth muscle? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔Angiotensin II
20.Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water in the absence of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Collecting duct
21.The macula densa senses which parameter to regulate glomerular filtration
rate via tubuloglomerular feedback? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Sodium
chloride concentration in the distal tubule
22.Which of the following is an example of a symport (co-transporter) in the
proximal tubule? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔SGLT2 (sodium-glucose
linked transporter)
23.A patient has a plasma creatinine of 2.0 mg/dL and a urine creatinine of 100
mg/dL with a urine flow rate of 1 mL/min. What is the estimated glomerular
filtration rate (GFR)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔50 mL/min
24.Which hormone is the primary regulator of calcium reabsorption in the
kidney? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
, 25.The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the primary site of action
for which class of diuretics? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Loop diuretics
(e.g., furosemide)
26.Which enzyme converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔Renin
27.Which of the following stimulates aldosterone secretion most directly? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Increased plasma potassium concentration
28.In which phase of the menstrual cycle does the luteinizing hormone (LH)
surge occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Late follicular phase, just before
ovulation
29.Which cell type produces testosterone in the testes? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔Leydig cells
30.A patient with a pituitary tumor that secretes excessive growth hormone
before epiphyseal plate closure develops which condition? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔Gigantism
31.Which of the following is an action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone?
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Stimulates osteoclast activity to release
calcium
32.The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex primarily produces which
hormone? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Aldosterone
33.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔Insulin resistance
