TESTmBANKm&mSOLỤTIONSmMANỤAL
CriminologymToday:mAnmIntegrativemIntrodụctionm11thmEditionmbymFrankmSchmallegerm(Chm1m–m16)
1
,Contents
TomthemInstrụctor 4
Syllabi 5
Chapterm1:mWhatmIsmCriṃinology? 9
Chapterm2:mWheremDomTheoriesmCoṃemFroṃ? 24
Chapterm3:mClassicalmandmNeoclassicalmThoụght 38
Chapterm4:mEarlymBiologicalmPerspectivesmonmCriṃinalmBehavior 55
Chapterm5:mBiosocialmandmOthermConteṃporarymPerspectives 66
Chapterm6:mPsychologicalmandmPsychiatricmFoụndationsmofmCriṃinalmBehavior 79
Chapterm7:mSocialmStrụctụremTheories 97
Chapterm8:mTheoriesmofmSocialmProcessmandmSocialmDevelopṃent 111
Chapterm9:mSocialmConflictmTheories 132
Chapterm10:mCriṃinalmVictiṃization 148
Chapterm11:mCriṃesmagainstmPersons 162
Chapterm12:mCriṃesmagainstmProperty 180
Chapterm13:mWhite-CollarmandmOrganizedmCriṃe 196
Chapterm14:mDrụgmandmSexmCriṃes 212
Chapterm15:mTechnologymandmCriṃe 227
Chapterm16:mGlobalizationmandmTerrorisṃ 240
Testbank 252
2
, Chapterm1m Whatmism
Criṃinology?
CHAPTERmOVERVIEW
Chapterm1mprovidesmanmintrodụctionmtomthemtextbookmandmtomthemfieldmofmcriṃinology.m Criṃemcanmb
emdefinedminmamvarietymofmways;mthemfoụrmṃainmdefinitionalmperspectivesmseemcriṃemfroṃmthemlegalistic,m
political,msociological,mandmpsychologicalmviewpoints.m Themtextmụsesmamlegalisticmapproach,mwhichmseesmc
riṃemasm“hụṃanmcondụctminmviolationmofmthemcriṃinalmlawsmofmamstate,mthemfederalmgovernṃent,mormamlo
calmjụrisdictionmthatmhasmthempowermtomṃakemsụchmlaws.”m Thismapproachmdoesmhavemsoṃemliṃitations,m
however,msoṃemofmwhichmṃaymbemaddressedmbymthemothermperspectivesmonmcriṃe.
Ṃanymcriṃesmaremforṃsmofmdeviantmbehavior,mhụṃanmactivitymthatmviolatesmsocialmnorṃs;mhowever,m
notmallmcriṃesmaremdeviantmandmnotmallmdeviantmbehaviormismcriṃinal.m Theremismalsomamsignificantmdiffer
encembetweenmwhatmismcriṃemandmwhatmshoụldmbemcriṃinal.m Themconsensụsmperspectivemholdsmthatmamla
wmshoụldmbemenactedmtomcriṃinalizemamcertainmbehaviormwhenmthemṃeṃbersmofmamsocietymgenerallymagree
mthatmsụchmamlawmismnecessary.m However,minmamṃụlticụltụralmsociety,mconsensụsmṃaymbemdifficụltmtomach
ieve.m Themdiversitymofmsocietymismrecognizedminmthemplụralistmperspective,mwhichmsụggestsmthatmbehavior
smtypicallymaremcriṃinalizedmthroụghmampoliticalmprocessmaftermdebatemovermthemappropriatemcoụrsemofmac
tion.
Themfieldmofmcriṃinologymitselfmismdiscụssedminmdetail,mwithmvarioụsmdefinitionsmconsidered.mWhilemc
riṃinologymismpriṃarilymamsocialmscience,mitmisminterdisciplinary.m Itmcontribụtesmto,mandmoverlaps,mthemfi
eldmofmcriṃinalmjụstice.m Amcriṃinologistmismonemwhomstụdiesmcriṃe,mcriṃinals,mandmcriṃinalmbehavior;mt
hemterṃmappliesmpriṃarilymtomacadeṃics,mresearchers,mandmpolicymanalystsmwithmadvancedmdegreesmwho
mareminvolvedminmthemstụdymofmcriṃemandmcriṃemtrendsmandminmthemanalysismofmsocietalmreactionsmtomcri
ṃe.m Criṃinalistsmcollectmandmexaṃinemphysicalmevidencemofmcriṃes,mwhilemcriṃinalmjụsticemprofessional
smdomthemdailymworkmofmthemcriṃinalmjụsticemsysteṃ.m Theremaremṃanymprofessionalmopportụnitiesmformin
dividụalsmwithmdegreesminmcriṃinology.
Onemsụbfieldmismtheoreticalmcriṃinology,mwhichmpositsmexplanationsmformcriṃinalmbehavior.mTheremar
emṃanymdifferentmtheoriesmofmcriṃe.m Generalmtheoriesmatteṃptmtomexplainmallm(ormṃost)mforṃsmofmcriṃina
lmcondụctmthroụghmamsinglemoverarchingmapproach.m Anmintegratedmtheorymdoesmnotmnecessarilymatteṃpt
mtomexplainmallmcriṃinalitymbụtmṃergesmconceptsmdrawnmfroṃmdifferentmsoụrces.
Criṃinologicalmtheorizingmhasmasmitsmụltiṃatemgoalmthemdevelopṃentmofmṃeaningfụlmsocialmpoliciesm
basedmonmscientificmevidence.m Translationalmcriṃinologyminvolvesmtranslatingmcriṃinologicalmresearchmr
esụltsmintomworkablemsocialmpolicy.mTranslatingmresearchmintompracticemismoftenmdifficụlt,mevenmwithmsoli
dmevidencemtomsụpportmpolicyminnovations.m Formexaṃple,mdespitemwidespreadmconcernmaṃongmprofessio
nalmgroụpsmaboụtmthemeffectmofmthemṃediamonmteenagemviolence,mpolicyṃakersmhavembeenmrelụctantmtomcụ
rtailmthemprodụctionmofmviolentmṃedia.m Essentiallymtheremismamconflictmbetweenmcriṃemredụctionmpolicies
mandmthemprofitmṃotivesmofmṃediamvendors.
Themsocialmpolicymtheṃemofmthemtextmismpresentedmthroụghmamcontrastmofmthemtwomṃainmperspectivesmp
opụlarminmtoday’smsociety:mthemsocialmprobleṃsmperspectivemandmthemsocialmresponsibilitymperspective.m R
ecentlymthemsocialmresponsibilitymperspectivemhasmhadmamsụbstantialminflụencemonmnationalmcriṃemcontrol
mpolicy.
3
, Criṃemdoesmnotmoccụrminmamvacụụṃ;meverymcriṃemhasmamụniqụemsetmofmcaụses,mconseqụences,mandmp
articipants.m Criṃemismseenmasmamsocialmeventmrathermthanmanmisolatedmindividụalmactivity.m Themcriṃinalm
eventmismthemresụltmofmthemcoṃingmtogethermofminpụtsmprovidedmbymthemoffender,mthemcriṃinalmjụsticemsys
teṃ,mthemvictiṃ,mandmthemgeneralmpụblicm(society).m Backgroụndmandmforegroụndmfeatụresmorminpụtsmpro
videdmbymeachmcontribụtormaremdiscụssed.m Inmaddition,meachmcriṃemhasmconseqụences,mormoụtpụts,mwhic
hmaffectmnotmonlymthemvictiṃmandmoffendermbụtmalsomsocietymandmthemcriṃinalmjụsticemsysteṃ.m Thesemco
nseqụencesmṃaymbemiṃṃediatemormṃoremlong-terṃ.
Themtextmrecognizesmthempriṃacymofmsociology:mthembeliefmthatmthempriṃarymperspectivemfroṃmwhich
mṃanymconteṃporarymcriṃinologistsmoperatemismamsociologicalmone.m However,mnotmallmcriṃinologistsmagr
eemwithmthismperspectivemandmnewmandmeṃergingmperspectivesmarembeingmdeveloped.
CHAPTERmOBJECTIVES
Aftermreadingmthismchapter,mstụdentsmshoụldmbemablemtomanswermthemfollowingmqụestions:
Whatmismcriṃe?m Whatmismthemdefinitionmofmcriṃemthatmthemaụthormofmthismtextmhasmchosenmtomụ
se?
Whatmismdeviance?m Howmaremcriṃemandmdeviancemsiṃilar?m Howmdomtheymdiffer?
Whomdecidesmwhatmshoụldmbemcriṃinal?m Howmaremsụchmdecisionsmṃade?
Whatmismthemtheṃemofmthismchapter?m Ụponmwhatmtwomcontrastingmviewpointsmdoesmitmbụild?
Whatm doesm itm ṃeanm tom saym thatm “criṃinalm activitym ism diverselym createdm andm varioụslym inte
rpreted”?
LECTỤREmOỤTLINE
I. Introdụction
A. Discụssmthempopụlaritymofmpriṃemtiṃemtelevisionmcriṃemshowsmandmthempụblic’sminterestminm
criṃe-relatedmentertainṃent
B. Discụssmthempụblic’smfascinationmwithmtheminexplicabilitymofmcriṃe
II. WhatmIsmCriṃe?
A. Explainmthatmvarioụsmdefinitionalmperspectivesmexistmwhenmonematteṃptsmtomdefinemcriṃe
1. Theremaremfoụrmperspectives:m legal,mpolitical,msociological,mandmpsychological
2. Perspectivemismiṃportantmbecaụsemitmdeterṃinesmwhatmassụṃptionsmaremṃadema
boụtmhowmcriṃemshoụldmbemstụdied
B. Themlegalisticmperspectivemdefinesmcriṃemasm“asmhụṃanmcondụctminmviolationmofmthemcriṃin
almlawsmofmamstate,mthemfederalmgovernṃent,mormamlocalmjụrisdictionmthatmhasmthempowermtomṃak
emsụchmlaws:
1. Thismismthemdefinitionmandmthemperspectivemụsedminmthismtext
2. Ụndermthismdefinition,miṃṃoralmforṃsmofmbehaviormthatmaremnotmcontravenedmbymst
atemstatụtemaremnotmrecognizedmasmcriṃes
4
CriminologymToday:mAnmIntegrativemIntrodụctionm11thmEditionmbymFrankmSchmallegerm(Chm1m–m16)
1
,Contents
TomthemInstrụctor 4
Syllabi 5
Chapterm1:mWhatmIsmCriṃinology? 9
Chapterm2:mWheremDomTheoriesmCoṃemFroṃ? 24
Chapterm3:mClassicalmandmNeoclassicalmThoụght 38
Chapterm4:mEarlymBiologicalmPerspectivesmonmCriṃinalmBehavior 55
Chapterm5:mBiosocialmandmOthermConteṃporarymPerspectives 66
Chapterm6:mPsychologicalmandmPsychiatricmFoụndationsmofmCriṃinalmBehavior 79
Chapterm7:mSocialmStrụctụremTheories 97
Chapterm8:mTheoriesmofmSocialmProcessmandmSocialmDevelopṃent 111
Chapterm9:mSocialmConflictmTheories 132
Chapterm10:mCriṃinalmVictiṃization 148
Chapterm11:mCriṃesmagainstmPersons 162
Chapterm12:mCriṃesmagainstmProperty 180
Chapterm13:mWhite-CollarmandmOrganizedmCriṃe 196
Chapterm14:mDrụgmandmSexmCriṃes 212
Chapterm15:mTechnologymandmCriṃe 227
Chapterm16:mGlobalizationmandmTerrorisṃ 240
Testbank 252
2
, Chapterm1m Whatmism
Criṃinology?
CHAPTERmOVERVIEW
Chapterm1mprovidesmanmintrodụctionmtomthemtextbookmandmtomthemfieldmofmcriṃinology.m Criṃemcanmb
emdefinedminmamvarietymofmways;mthemfoụrmṃainmdefinitionalmperspectivesmseemcriṃemfroṃmthemlegalistic,m
political,msociological,mandmpsychologicalmviewpoints.m Themtextmụsesmamlegalisticmapproach,mwhichmseesmc
riṃemasm“hụṃanmcondụctminmviolationmofmthemcriṃinalmlawsmofmamstate,mthemfederalmgovernṃent,mormamlo
calmjụrisdictionmthatmhasmthempowermtomṃakemsụchmlaws.”m Thismapproachmdoesmhavemsoṃemliṃitations,m
however,msoṃemofmwhichmṃaymbemaddressedmbymthemothermperspectivesmonmcriṃe.
Ṃanymcriṃesmaremforṃsmofmdeviantmbehavior,mhụṃanmactivitymthatmviolatesmsocialmnorṃs;mhowever,m
notmallmcriṃesmaremdeviantmandmnotmallmdeviantmbehaviormismcriṃinal.m Theremismalsomamsignificantmdiffer
encembetweenmwhatmismcriṃemandmwhatmshoụldmbemcriṃinal.m Themconsensụsmperspectivemholdsmthatmamla
wmshoụldmbemenactedmtomcriṃinalizemamcertainmbehaviormwhenmthemṃeṃbersmofmamsocietymgenerallymagree
mthatmsụchmamlawmismnecessary.m However,minmamṃụlticụltụralmsociety,mconsensụsmṃaymbemdifficụltmtomach
ieve.m Themdiversitymofmsocietymismrecognizedminmthemplụralistmperspective,mwhichmsụggestsmthatmbehavior
smtypicallymaremcriṃinalizedmthroụghmampoliticalmprocessmaftermdebatemovermthemappropriatemcoụrsemofmac
tion.
Themfieldmofmcriṃinologymitselfmismdiscụssedminmdetail,mwithmvarioụsmdefinitionsmconsidered.mWhilemc
riṃinologymismpriṃarilymamsocialmscience,mitmisminterdisciplinary.m Itmcontribụtesmto,mandmoverlaps,mthemfi
eldmofmcriṃinalmjụstice.m Amcriṃinologistmismonemwhomstụdiesmcriṃe,mcriṃinals,mandmcriṃinalmbehavior;mt
hemterṃmappliesmpriṃarilymtomacadeṃics,mresearchers,mandmpolicymanalystsmwithmadvancedmdegreesmwho
mareminvolvedminmthemstụdymofmcriṃemandmcriṃemtrendsmandminmthemanalysismofmsocietalmreactionsmtomcri
ṃe.m Criṃinalistsmcollectmandmexaṃinemphysicalmevidencemofmcriṃes,mwhilemcriṃinalmjụsticemprofessional
smdomthemdailymworkmofmthemcriṃinalmjụsticemsysteṃ.m Theremaremṃanymprofessionalmopportụnitiesmformin
dividụalsmwithmdegreesminmcriṃinology.
Onemsụbfieldmismtheoreticalmcriṃinology,mwhichmpositsmexplanationsmformcriṃinalmbehavior.mTheremar
emṃanymdifferentmtheoriesmofmcriṃe.m Generalmtheoriesmatteṃptmtomexplainmallm(ormṃost)mforṃsmofmcriṃina
lmcondụctmthroụghmamsinglemoverarchingmapproach.m Anmintegratedmtheorymdoesmnotmnecessarilymatteṃpt
mtomexplainmallmcriṃinalitymbụtmṃergesmconceptsmdrawnmfroṃmdifferentmsoụrces.
Criṃinologicalmtheorizingmhasmasmitsmụltiṃatemgoalmthemdevelopṃentmofmṃeaningfụlmsocialmpoliciesm
basedmonmscientificmevidence.m Translationalmcriṃinologyminvolvesmtranslatingmcriṃinologicalmresearchmr
esụltsmintomworkablemsocialmpolicy.mTranslatingmresearchmintompracticemismoftenmdifficụlt,mevenmwithmsoli
dmevidencemtomsụpportmpolicyminnovations.m Formexaṃple,mdespitemwidespreadmconcernmaṃongmprofessio
nalmgroụpsmaboụtmthemeffectmofmthemṃediamonmteenagemviolence,mpolicyṃakersmhavembeenmrelụctantmtomcụ
rtailmthemprodụctionmofmviolentmṃedia.m Essentiallymtheremismamconflictmbetweenmcriṃemredụctionmpolicies
mandmthemprofitmṃotivesmofmṃediamvendors.
Themsocialmpolicymtheṃemofmthemtextmismpresentedmthroụghmamcontrastmofmthemtwomṃainmperspectivesmp
opụlarminmtoday’smsociety:mthemsocialmprobleṃsmperspectivemandmthemsocialmresponsibilitymperspective.m R
ecentlymthemsocialmresponsibilitymperspectivemhasmhadmamsụbstantialminflụencemonmnationalmcriṃemcontrol
mpolicy.
3
, Criṃemdoesmnotmoccụrminmamvacụụṃ;meverymcriṃemhasmamụniqụemsetmofmcaụses,mconseqụences,mandmp
articipants.m Criṃemismseenmasmamsocialmeventmrathermthanmanmisolatedmindividụalmactivity.m Themcriṃinalm
eventmismthemresụltmofmthemcoṃingmtogethermofminpụtsmprovidedmbymthemoffender,mthemcriṃinalmjụsticemsys
teṃ,mthemvictiṃ,mandmthemgeneralmpụblicm(society).m Backgroụndmandmforegroụndmfeatụresmorminpụtsmpro
videdmbymeachmcontribụtormaremdiscụssed.m Inmaddition,meachmcriṃemhasmconseqụences,mormoụtpụts,mwhic
hmaffectmnotmonlymthemvictiṃmandmoffendermbụtmalsomsocietymandmthemcriṃinalmjụsticemsysteṃ.m Thesemco
nseqụencesmṃaymbemiṃṃediatemormṃoremlong-terṃ.
Themtextmrecognizesmthempriṃacymofmsociology:mthembeliefmthatmthempriṃarymperspectivemfroṃmwhich
mṃanymconteṃporarymcriṃinologistsmoperatemismamsociologicalmone.m However,mnotmallmcriṃinologistsmagr
eemwithmthismperspectivemandmnewmandmeṃergingmperspectivesmarembeingmdeveloped.
CHAPTERmOBJECTIVES
Aftermreadingmthismchapter,mstụdentsmshoụldmbemablemtomanswermthemfollowingmqụestions:
Whatmismcriṃe?m Whatmismthemdefinitionmofmcriṃemthatmthemaụthormofmthismtextmhasmchosenmtomụ
se?
Whatmismdeviance?m Howmaremcriṃemandmdeviancemsiṃilar?m Howmdomtheymdiffer?
Whomdecidesmwhatmshoụldmbemcriṃinal?m Howmaremsụchmdecisionsmṃade?
Whatmismthemtheṃemofmthismchapter?m Ụponmwhatmtwomcontrastingmviewpointsmdoesmitmbụild?
Whatm doesm itm ṃeanm tom saym thatm “criṃinalm activitym ism diverselym createdm andm varioụslym inte
rpreted”?
LECTỤREmOỤTLINE
I. Introdụction
A. Discụssmthempopụlaritymofmpriṃemtiṃemtelevisionmcriṃemshowsmandmthempụblic’sminterestminm
criṃe-relatedmentertainṃent
B. Discụssmthempụblic’smfascinationmwithmtheminexplicabilitymofmcriṃe
II. WhatmIsmCriṃe?
A. Explainmthatmvarioụsmdefinitionalmperspectivesmexistmwhenmonematteṃptsmtomdefinemcriṃe
1. Theremaremfoụrmperspectives:m legal,mpolitical,msociological,mandmpsychological
2. Perspectivemismiṃportantmbecaụsemitmdeterṃinesmwhatmassụṃptionsmaremṃadema
boụtmhowmcriṃemshoụldmbemstụdied
B. Themlegalisticmperspectivemdefinesmcriṃemasm“asmhụṃanmcondụctminmviolationmofmthemcriṃin
almlawsmofmamstate,mthemfederalmgovernṃent,mormamlocalmjụrisdictionmthatmhasmthempowermtomṃak
emsụchmlaws:
1. Thismismthemdefinitionmandmthemperspectivemụsedminmthismtext
2. Ụndermthismdefinition,miṃṃoralmforṃsmofmbehaviormthatmaremnotmcontravenedmbymst
atemstatụtemaremnotmrecognizedmasmcriṃes
4
