ATI TEAS 6 GENERAL ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
BREAKDOWN AND REVISION 2026
◉ Cell Parts. Answer: *-Organelles:* Cell parts that function within a
cell. They coordinate with other organelles to performs a cell's basic
function, like energy processing and waste excretion.
~Examples: *Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, The
Nucleus.*
◉ The Nucleus. Answer: *-Nucleus:* Small structure that contains
*Chromosomes* and *Regulates the DNA of a cell*. Defining
structure of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for *the passing on of
genetic traits between generations.*
-Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear
pores, chromatin, and ribosomes.
◉ Chromosomes. Answer: Highly condensed, threadlike rods of
DNA. *DNA* is genetic material that stores information about the
plant or animal.
◉ Chromatin. Answer: Consists of the *DNA* and *Proteins* that
make up chromosomes.
,◉ Nucleolus. Answer: Structure contained *within* the nucleus,
consists of *proteins.* Small, Round, and does *not* have a
membrane. Involved in *protein synthesis, and synthesizes and
stores RNA.*
◉ Nuclear Envelope. Answer: *Encloses* the nucleus. Consists of
*inner and outer membranes made of lipids.*
◉ Nuclear Pores. Answer: Involved in *exchange of material
between nucleus and the cytoplasm.*
◉ Nucleoplasm. Answer: Liquid *within* the membrane and is
*similar* to cytoplasm.
◉ Cell Membrane. Answer: *"Plasma Membrane"*
-Made of *Lipids and Proteins*
-*Isolates* the cell from its external environment while still enabling
the cellar to communicate with the outside environment.
-Consists: *Phospholipid bilayer* with the hydrophilic ends of the
outer layer facing external environment.
*~Cholesterol*: Adds stiffness and flexibility
*~Glycolipids*: Help cell to recognize other cells of the organisms.
*~Proteins*: Help give cells shape
,*~Special Proteins:* Helps cell communicate with external
environment.
*~Other Proteins:* Transport molecules across membrane
◉ Selective Permeability. Answer: With regard to size, charge, and
solubility.
*-Size:* Membrane allows small molecules to diffuse through it.
Oxygen and Water molecules are small and can pass through the
cells membrane.
*-Charge:* Ions on a cells surface either *attracts or repels* ions.
Ions with *like* charges are *repelled*, and ions with *opposite*
charges are *attracted* to the surface.
*-Solubility:* Molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can usually
pass through the membrane. Many are *not* able to diffuse the
membrane, and if anything they'll have to be moved through by
*active transport and vesicles.*
◉ Cell Structures. Answer: Inside the cell. Contain: Ribosomes, Golgi
Apparatus, Vacuoles, Vesicles, Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Cytosol,
Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria
◉ Ribosomes. Answer: Involved in *synthesizing proteins from
amino acids.*
-Make up about a quarter of a cell.
, -Some are embedded in the *Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough
ER)*
◉ Golgi Apparatus. Answer: Involved in *synthesizing materials* like
*proteins* that are transported *out* of the cell.
~*Modifies and Packages proteins* secreted from the cell.
-Located near the nucleus and has layers of membranes.
◉ Vacuoles. Answer: Sacs used for *storage, digestion, and waste
removal*.
-Plant: Has *one large* vacuole
-Animal: Has *small, sometimes numerous* vacuoles.
◉ Vesicles. Answer: Small organelle *within* a cell, has a membrane.
-Functions: *Moving materials* within a cell.
◉ Cytoskeleton. Answer: Consist of *microtubules* that help *shape
and support* the cell.
◉ Microtubules. Answer: Part of cytoskeleton.
-Help *support* the cell.
-Made of *proteins*
PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
BREAKDOWN AND REVISION 2026
◉ Cell Parts. Answer: *-Organelles:* Cell parts that function within a
cell. They coordinate with other organelles to performs a cell's basic
function, like energy processing and waste excretion.
~Examples: *Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, The
Nucleus.*
◉ The Nucleus. Answer: *-Nucleus:* Small structure that contains
*Chromosomes* and *Regulates the DNA of a cell*. Defining
structure of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for *the passing on of
genetic traits between generations.*
-Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear
pores, chromatin, and ribosomes.
◉ Chromosomes. Answer: Highly condensed, threadlike rods of
DNA. *DNA* is genetic material that stores information about the
plant or animal.
◉ Chromatin. Answer: Consists of the *DNA* and *Proteins* that
make up chromosomes.
,◉ Nucleolus. Answer: Structure contained *within* the nucleus,
consists of *proteins.* Small, Round, and does *not* have a
membrane. Involved in *protein synthesis, and synthesizes and
stores RNA.*
◉ Nuclear Envelope. Answer: *Encloses* the nucleus. Consists of
*inner and outer membranes made of lipids.*
◉ Nuclear Pores. Answer: Involved in *exchange of material
between nucleus and the cytoplasm.*
◉ Nucleoplasm. Answer: Liquid *within* the membrane and is
*similar* to cytoplasm.
◉ Cell Membrane. Answer: *"Plasma Membrane"*
-Made of *Lipids and Proteins*
-*Isolates* the cell from its external environment while still enabling
the cellar to communicate with the outside environment.
-Consists: *Phospholipid bilayer* with the hydrophilic ends of the
outer layer facing external environment.
*~Cholesterol*: Adds stiffness and flexibility
*~Glycolipids*: Help cell to recognize other cells of the organisms.
*~Proteins*: Help give cells shape
,*~Special Proteins:* Helps cell communicate with external
environment.
*~Other Proteins:* Transport molecules across membrane
◉ Selective Permeability. Answer: With regard to size, charge, and
solubility.
*-Size:* Membrane allows small molecules to diffuse through it.
Oxygen and Water molecules are small and can pass through the
cells membrane.
*-Charge:* Ions on a cells surface either *attracts or repels* ions.
Ions with *like* charges are *repelled*, and ions with *opposite*
charges are *attracted* to the surface.
*-Solubility:* Molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can usually
pass through the membrane. Many are *not* able to diffuse the
membrane, and if anything they'll have to be moved through by
*active transport and vesicles.*
◉ Cell Structures. Answer: Inside the cell. Contain: Ribosomes, Golgi
Apparatus, Vacuoles, Vesicles, Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Cytosol,
Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria
◉ Ribosomes. Answer: Involved in *synthesizing proteins from
amino acids.*
-Make up about a quarter of a cell.
, -Some are embedded in the *Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough
ER)*
◉ Golgi Apparatus. Answer: Involved in *synthesizing materials* like
*proteins* that are transported *out* of the cell.
~*Modifies and Packages proteins* secreted from the cell.
-Located near the nucleus and has layers of membranes.
◉ Vacuoles. Answer: Sacs used for *storage, digestion, and waste
removal*.
-Plant: Has *one large* vacuole
-Animal: Has *small, sometimes numerous* vacuoles.
◉ Vesicles. Answer: Small organelle *within* a cell, has a membrane.
-Functions: *Moving materials* within a cell.
◉ Cytoskeleton. Answer: Consist of *microtubules* that help *shape
and support* the cell.
◉ Microtubules. Answer: Part of cytoskeleton.
-Help *support* the cell.
-Made of *proteins*
