EPALS COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● NS. Answer: Abbreviation for Normal Saline isotonic crystalloid fluid
● Shock. Answer: Life-threatening condition with inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen
delivery
● Confirmation of ET Placement. Answer: Verification of proper endotracheal tube position
using multiple methods
● Laryngoscope. Answer: Instrument with light and blade used to visualize vocal cords
during intubation
● Endotracheal Intubation. Answer: Placement of tube through vocal cords into trachea
providing definitive airway
● Emergency Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Answer: Comprehensive training program
for healthcare providers managing critically ill or injured children from infancy through
adolescence
● Circulation to Skin. Answer: PAT component observing skin color, perfusion, and
temperature
● Glasgow Coma Scale. Answer: Neurologic assessment scoring eye opening, verbal
response, and motor response
● Circulation to Skin. Answer: PAT component observing skin color, perfusion, and
temperature
● Uncuffed Endotracheal Tube. Answer: Traditional pediatric ET tube without cuff
historically preferred for children under 8 years
● AVPU Scale. Answer: Rapid consciousness assessment: Alert, Voice responsive, Pain
responsive, Unresponsive
● Cardiogenic Shock. Answer: Shock from heart failure unable to pump adequate blood
despite normal volume
, ● Distributive Shock. Answer: Shock from abnormal vasodilation and maldistribution of
blood flow
● TICLS. Answer: Mnemonic for Appearance assessment: Tone, Interactiveness,
Consolability, Look/gaze, Speech/cry
● Pneumonia. Answer: Lung infection causing fever, cough, tachypnea, and increased work
of breathing
● Cool Extremities. Answer: Decreased temperature of arms and legs from vasoconstriction
and poor perfusion
● Septic Shock. Answer: Distributive shock from severe infection causing vasodilation and
myocardial dysfunction
● PRBCs. Answer: Acronym for Packed Red Blood Cells given 10 mL/kg for hemorrhage
● Fluid Resuscitation. Answer: Administration of intravenous fluids restoring circulating
volume and perfusion
● EPALS. Answer: Acronym for Emergency Pediatric Advanced Life Support focusing on
systematic assessment and evidence-based interventions
● LR. Answer: Abbreviation for Lactated Ringer's solution
● Airway Assessment. Answer: Evaluation of airway patency and positioning ensuring
adequate air passage
● Bag-Mask Ventilation. Answer: Manual ventilation using self-inflating bag and mask
delivering positive pressure breaths
● Laryngeal Mask Airway. Answer: Supraglottic device with inflatable cuff sealing around
laryngeal inlet
● Weak Central Pulses. Answer: Decreased strength of carotid or femoral pulses indicating
poor cardiac output
● GCS. Answer: Acronym for Glasgow Coma Scale with scores ranging 3-15
● IO Insertion Sites. Answer: Preferred locations for IO placement: proximal tibia, distal tibia,
distal femur, proximal humerus
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● NS. Answer: Abbreviation for Normal Saline isotonic crystalloid fluid
● Shock. Answer: Life-threatening condition with inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen
delivery
● Confirmation of ET Placement. Answer: Verification of proper endotracheal tube position
using multiple methods
● Laryngoscope. Answer: Instrument with light and blade used to visualize vocal cords
during intubation
● Endotracheal Intubation. Answer: Placement of tube through vocal cords into trachea
providing definitive airway
● Emergency Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Answer: Comprehensive training program
for healthcare providers managing critically ill or injured children from infancy through
adolescence
● Circulation to Skin. Answer: PAT component observing skin color, perfusion, and
temperature
● Glasgow Coma Scale. Answer: Neurologic assessment scoring eye opening, verbal
response, and motor response
● Circulation to Skin. Answer: PAT component observing skin color, perfusion, and
temperature
● Uncuffed Endotracheal Tube. Answer: Traditional pediatric ET tube without cuff
historically preferred for children under 8 years
● AVPU Scale. Answer: Rapid consciousness assessment: Alert, Voice responsive, Pain
responsive, Unresponsive
● Cardiogenic Shock. Answer: Shock from heart failure unable to pump adequate blood
despite normal volume
, ● Distributive Shock. Answer: Shock from abnormal vasodilation and maldistribution of
blood flow
● TICLS. Answer: Mnemonic for Appearance assessment: Tone, Interactiveness,
Consolability, Look/gaze, Speech/cry
● Pneumonia. Answer: Lung infection causing fever, cough, tachypnea, and increased work
of breathing
● Cool Extremities. Answer: Decreased temperature of arms and legs from vasoconstriction
and poor perfusion
● Septic Shock. Answer: Distributive shock from severe infection causing vasodilation and
myocardial dysfunction
● PRBCs. Answer: Acronym for Packed Red Blood Cells given 10 mL/kg for hemorrhage
● Fluid Resuscitation. Answer: Administration of intravenous fluids restoring circulating
volume and perfusion
● EPALS. Answer: Acronym for Emergency Pediatric Advanced Life Support focusing on
systematic assessment and evidence-based interventions
● LR. Answer: Abbreviation for Lactated Ringer's solution
● Airway Assessment. Answer: Evaluation of airway patency and positioning ensuring
adequate air passage
● Bag-Mask Ventilation. Answer: Manual ventilation using self-inflating bag and mask
delivering positive pressure breaths
● Laryngeal Mask Airway. Answer: Supraglottic device with inflatable cuff sealing around
laryngeal inlet
● Weak Central Pulses. Answer: Decreased strength of carotid or femoral pulses indicating
poor cardiac output
● GCS. Answer: Acronym for Glasgow Coma Scale with scores ranging 3-15
● IO Insertion Sites. Answer: Preferred locations for IO placement: proximal tibia, distal tibia,
distal femur, proximal humerus
