SCI 114 Final Exam Review Questions And Correct Detailed Answers

What is blood? - correct answers Blood is a specialized fluid that functions to provide nutrients to the cells in our body as well as transports waste away for disposal What are the 2 components is blood made up of? - correct answers Cellular ( Red and White Blood cells and Platelets) Fluid (Plasma) What are antigens and antibodies are present in type O blood? - correct answers Zero antigens Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies Rh Factor - correct answers Blood that has the Rh factor is designated Rh+ (positive), while blood that does not have this factor is designated Rh- (negative) Therefore, a person's blood type is based on the presence or absence of the AB antigens and Rh proteins What are 3 presumptive tests for blood and what is indicative of a positive result for each? - correct answers Kastle- Meyers (Pink) Leuco- Malachite (Green) Luminol/ Bluestar (White/ Blue) What is a false positive and a false negative? - correct answers Pos: Gives a positive result when the compound of interest is NOT present (being diagnosed with a disease when you do not have it) Neg: Gives a negative result when the compound of interest IS present (Shows they do not have a disease when they do) What are 3 types of blood stains? Give an example of each. - correct answers 1. Transfer - results from wet blood coming into contact with another surface (Smudges, smears, wipes) 2. Passive - result from gravity (drops, flows, pools) 3. Spatter - result of "spraying or splashing" of droplets that are thrown by some external force (arterial, cast off, impact) What is DNA? - correct answers Aka Deoxyribonucleic Acid A molecule that carries genetic information Where is DNA located in the body? - correct answers Nucleus (chromosomes) Possible Sources of DNA - correct answers Blood Saliva Hair Bone Semen Teeth Skin cells What are the 4 nitrogenous bases and how do they "bind" to one another? - correct answers Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) A----T G-----C Where are genes located and what are variations of genes called? - correct answers Located on chromosomes (loci); alleles(punnet squares) What is CODIS and how many loci are used to differentiate individuals? - correct answers Combined DNA Identification System ( used for FBI purposes); 20 loci What are 3 methods for analyzing DNA? What are the pros and cons of at least 2 methods? - correct answers RFLP - "Restriction fragment length polymorphism" Requires a large amount of high-quality DNA PCR - "Polymerase chain reaction" Useful for degraded samples and requires small amounts of DNA STR - "Short tandem repeats" What is toxicity? - correct answers Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury What does toxicity depend on? - correct answers Dose (how much is taken) Duration (how frequently it was taken) Route of administration (how it was taken) Interactions with other substances List the 7 classes of drugs - correct answers Stimulants, Depressants, Narcotics, Hallucinogens, Cannabis Inhalants, Club drugs Controlled Substances - correct answers Controlled substances are drugs whose possession, wholesale, manufacturing and usage is regulated by the law Alcohol - correct answers Alcohol is excreted through urine, sweat, and breathing BAC (blood alcohol content) depends on gender, weight, time between drinks, quantity of drinks, tolerance and if food was consumed The legal BAC is 0.08% Who is responsible for classifying controlled substances into schedules? How many schedules exist? - correct answers Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); 5 schedules How should the following be packaged? Liquids Powders/pills Volatile liquids - correct answers Liquids: seal in container then place in plastic bag and seal Powders/Pills: leave in plastic bag and label. If not in a bag, put in a plastic container then seal and label Volatile liquids: must be packaged in an airtight container to prevent evaporation What is a presumptive test and a confirmatory test? Give an example of each in terms of drug identification. - correct answers Presumptive tests: Preliminary screening tests to give ONLY an indication of which substances are present (color tests, chromatography, Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry) Confirmatory tests: More specific and can determine the precise identity of substance (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, microcrystalline tests) What is Forensic Anthropology? - correct answers The study of human skeletal remains, which applies archaeological techniques to aid in solving criminal cases Can be used to determine: Species Cause of death Age Sex Height Health Family ancestry When are forensic anthropologists called to a scene? - correct answers When the remains are burned, decomposed, skeletonized, buried or the cause of death is unknown What does PMI stand for and how is it determined? - correct answers PMI = post mortem interval ; time between death and corpse discovery What are 3 types of trauma? Give an example of each. - correct answers Sharp force trauma: created with sharp/sharp-edged objects (stab wounds, chop wounds (machetes/swords), punctures) Blunt force trauma: created with dull, hard surfaces or objects (falling, car crash, hammers, baseball bat) Gunshot What is Forensic Pathology? - correct answers The study of human remains concerned with determining the cause of death What is Rigor mortis, Livor mortis and Algor mortis? - correct answers Rigor Mortis: stiffening of