PHI-103 Exam 1 Study Guide UPDATED ACTUAL Questions And Correct
Answers
C
Terms in this set (64)
Definitions or explanations of "what is philosophy?" (Def.) - the attempt to provide for oneself an outlook on life based on broad
fundamental principles underlying everything
(Exp.) - defined by a concern of normative issues (what we ought to do) than is
found in other objects
Elements of a philosophical argument Premises, Sources, Logic/Inferences, Conclusions
Major sub-disciplines of philosophy and their basic Logic, Epistemology, Metaphysics, & Ethics
descriptions
Various branches of philosophy and their primary area of 1. Metaphysics (existence)
focus 2. Epistemology (knowledge)
3. Ethics (action)
4. Politics (force)
5. Esthetics (art)
The three primary laws of logic 1. Law of identity
2. Law of non-contradiction
3. Law of the excluded middle
(all reinforce each other, however if you just study the law of non-contradiction
you can understand all)
Five types of valid arguments 1. Modus Ponens
2. Modus Tollens
3. Hypothetical syllogism
4. Disjunctive syllogism
5. Constructive dilemma
Modus Ponens (MP) 1. If P then Q
2. P
3. Q (therefore, Q)
ex; If yellow is brighter than purple, then it is brighter than black
Modus Tollens (MT) 1. If P then Q
2. not Q
3. not P
ex; 1 if it is monday, then it is a weekday
2. its not a weekday
3. therefore, it is not monday
, Hypothetical Syllogism (HS) 1. If P then Q
2. If Q then R
3. Therefore, If P then R
ex; 1 If it is V day, Oscar will invite Julia to dine @ a restaurant
2. If Oscar will unite Julia to dinner at restaurant they will dine at Delatorre's
3. (so) If it Day than ) & J will dine at Delatorre's
Disjunctive Syllogism (DS) 1. P or Q
2. Not P
3. Therefore, Q
ex; 1. Roger will go to school or he will goto the movie
2. Roger will not go to school
3. Therefore, Roger will go to the movie
Constructive Dilemma (CD) 1. If P then Q, and If R then S
2. P or R
3. Therefore, Q or S
ex; 1. If Angela has a good attitude, then she will encourage her friends (P -> Q)
and if Angela has a bad attitude, she will not be sociable (R->S)
2. Angela has a good attitude or Angela has a bad attitude (P v R)
3. Therefore, Angela will encourage her friends or not be sociable (Q v S)
Components of a "sound" or "good" deductive argument - It is formally &informally valid
- It has true premises
- Leads us to a sound conclusion which means it is true/valid
Two types of invalid arguments 1. Affirming the Consequence
2. Denying the Antecedent
Affirming the Consequence Symbolic form:
1. If P then Q
2. Q
3. Therefore, P
(both premises are true, but conclusion false)
ex; 1. If GW was assassinated then he is dead
2. GW is dead
3. Therefore, GW was assassinated
Denying the Antecedent Symbolic form:
1. If P then Q
2. Not P
3. Not Q
ex; The fact the GW wasn't assassinated does not mean he isn't dead
Answers
C
Terms in this set (64)
Definitions or explanations of "what is philosophy?" (Def.) - the attempt to provide for oneself an outlook on life based on broad
fundamental principles underlying everything
(Exp.) - defined by a concern of normative issues (what we ought to do) than is
found in other objects
Elements of a philosophical argument Premises, Sources, Logic/Inferences, Conclusions
Major sub-disciplines of philosophy and their basic Logic, Epistemology, Metaphysics, & Ethics
descriptions
Various branches of philosophy and their primary area of 1. Metaphysics (existence)
focus 2. Epistemology (knowledge)
3. Ethics (action)
4. Politics (force)
5. Esthetics (art)
The three primary laws of logic 1. Law of identity
2. Law of non-contradiction
3. Law of the excluded middle
(all reinforce each other, however if you just study the law of non-contradiction
you can understand all)
Five types of valid arguments 1. Modus Ponens
2. Modus Tollens
3. Hypothetical syllogism
4. Disjunctive syllogism
5. Constructive dilemma
Modus Ponens (MP) 1. If P then Q
2. P
3. Q (therefore, Q)
ex; If yellow is brighter than purple, then it is brighter than black
Modus Tollens (MT) 1. If P then Q
2. not Q
3. not P
ex; 1 if it is monday, then it is a weekday
2. its not a weekday
3. therefore, it is not monday
, Hypothetical Syllogism (HS) 1. If P then Q
2. If Q then R
3. Therefore, If P then R
ex; 1 If it is V day, Oscar will invite Julia to dine @ a restaurant
2. If Oscar will unite Julia to dinner at restaurant they will dine at Delatorre's
3. (so) If it Day than ) & J will dine at Delatorre's
Disjunctive Syllogism (DS) 1. P or Q
2. Not P
3. Therefore, Q
ex; 1. Roger will go to school or he will goto the movie
2. Roger will not go to school
3. Therefore, Roger will go to the movie
Constructive Dilemma (CD) 1. If P then Q, and If R then S
2. P or R
3. Therefore, Q or S
ex; 1. If Angela has a good attitude, then she will encourage her friends (P -> Q)
and if Angela has a bad attitude, she will not be sociable (R->S)
2. Angela has a good attitude or Angela has a bad attitude (P v R)
3. Therefore, Angela will encourage her friends or not be sociable (Q v S)
Components of a "sound" or "good" deductive argument - It is formally &informally valid
- It has true premises
- Leads us to a sound conclusion which means it is true/valid
Two types of invalid arguments 1. Affirming the Consequence
2. Denying the Antecedent
Affirming the Consequence Symbolic form:
1. If P then Q
2. Q
3. Therefore, P
(both premises are true, but conclusion false)
ex; 1. If GW was assassinated then he is dead
2. GW is dead
3. Therefore, GW was assassinated
Denying the Antecedent Symbolic form:
1. If P then Q
2. Not P
3. Not Q
ex; The fact the GW wasn't assassinated does not mean he isn't dead
