PNB 2274 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Does this class suck? - ANS yes
anatomy - ANS structure
what are the walls of blood capillaries composed of? - ANS thin epithelium
simple squamous
gross anatomy - ANS what we see with the unaided eye, superficial and deep structures
microscopic anatomy - ANS requires magnification
cytology - ANS study of cells
histology - ANS study of tissue
physiology - ANS function
the structure of capillary walls, - ANS promotes nutrient and waste exchange
,inferior-superior - ANS below- above
rostral- caudal - ANS front- back
anterior - posterior - ANS front- back
ventral- dorsal - ANS front-back
medial -lateral - ANS towards middle- away from middle
proximal- distal - ANS nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of
attachment
superficial -deep - ANS toward and away from the body surface
coronal - ANS divides into front and back
transverse - ANS divides into upper and lower
midsaggital - ANS divides into left and right
homeostasis - ANS the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
even though the external environment changes
homeostatic control systems - ANS monitor the internal environment and correct as needed
cellular level - ANS local control
,organ and organism - ANS reflex control, long distance signaling
3 major components of a control system - ANS input (input signal)->controller (integrating
center)-> output (output signal)
the integrators - ANS control centers
integrators - ANS possess a set point
set points - ANS can be modified. a fever regulates back to set point, acclimatization
regulates environmental temperature
full response loop - ANS stimulus-> sensor ->input -> integrating center -> output ->target ->
response
heart rate homeostasis is an example of - ANS antagonistic homeostasis control
sympathetic nerves - ANS increase heart rate
parasympathetic nerves - ANS decrease heart rate
glucose homeostasis - ANS 2 primary hormones
insulin - ANS lowers blood glucose levels
`glucagon - ANS raises blood glucose levels
, feedback - ANS process in which some part of the output of a system is returned to its input
in order to regulate its further output
open loop control system - ANS control unit ->driver -> motor
closed loop control system - ANS control unit ->driver -> motor -> circles back
negative feedback loops - ANS A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by
returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system. SHUT
OFF ORIGINAL INPUT
example of negative feedback loop - ANS body temp rises ->body sweats more ->body temp
drops
most common type of feedback loop? - ANS negative feedback
is negative feedback self terminating? - ANS yes
positive feedback loop - ANS Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the input of the system.
AMPLIFIES STIMULUS
example of positive feedback - ANS lactation, childbirth, orgasm
ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Does this class suck? - ANS yes
anatomy - ANS structure
what are the walls of blood capillaries composed of? - ANS thin epithelium
simple squamous
gross anatomy - ANS what we see with the unaided eye, superficial and deep structures
microscopic anatomy - ANS requires magnification
cytology - ANS study of cells
histology - ANS study of tissue
physiology - ANS function
the structure of capillary walls, - ANS promotes nutrient and waste exchange
,inferior-superior - ANS below- above
rostral- caudal - ANS front- back
anterior - posterior - ANS front- back
ventral- dorsal - ANS front-back
medial -lateral - ANS towards middle- away from middle
proximal- distal - ANS nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of
attachment
superficial -deep - ANS toward and away from the body surface
coronal - ANS divides into front and back
transverse - ANS divides into upper and lower
midsaggital - ANS divides into left and right
homeostasis - ANS the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
even though the external environment changes
homeostatic control systems - ANS monitor the internal environment and correct as needed
cellular level - ANS local control
,organ and organism - ANS reflex control, long distance signaling
3 major components of a control system - ANS input (input signal)->controller (integrating
center)-> output (output signal)
the integrators - ANS control centers
integrators - ANS possess a set point
set points - ANS can be modified. a fever regulates back to set point, acclimatization
regulates environmental temperature
full response loop - ANS stimulus-> sensor ->input -> integrating center -> output ->target ->
response
heart rate homeostasis is an example of - ANS antagonistic homeostasis control
sympathetic nerves - ANS increase heart rate
parasympathetic nerves - ANS decrease heart rate
glucose homeostasis - ANS 2 primary hormones
insulin - ANS lowers blood glucose levels
`glucagon - ANS raises blood glucose levels
, feedback - ANS process in which some part of the output of a system is returned to its input
in order to regulate its further output
open loop control system - ANS control unit ->driver -> motor
closed loop control system - ANS control unit ->driver -> motor -> circles back
negative feedback loops - ANS A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by
returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system. SHUT
OFF ORIGINAL INPUT
example of negative feedback loop - ANS body temp rises ->body sweats more ->body temp
drops
most common type of feedback loop? - ANS negative feedback
is negative feedback self terminating? - ANS yes
positive feedback loop - ANS Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the input of the system.
AMPLIFIES STIMULUS
example of positive feedback - ANS lactation, childbirth, orgasm
