1
CISSN EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026
(GRADED A+)
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the
predominant fuel source during distance running? - correct-answer -fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? - correct-
answer -approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and
performance? - correct-answer -decrease thermoregulation and performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-
exhaustion and dehydration stress? - correct-answer -Results demonstrate that AG
supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing time to
exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely
mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
, 2
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity? -
correct-answer -Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - correct-answer -Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4
weeks? - correct-answer -- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product
of leucine metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective tissue.
According to the clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered as an
anti-catabolic substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA
supplementation on body composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
and physical performance of athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
What is a BOD-POD? - correct-answer -a body composition recording device that
uses air displacement plethysmography
, 3
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions
does one fuel source predominate over the other? - correct-answer --Fat oxidation
primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? -
correct-answer --betaine supplementation may positively affect exercise
performance through favorable lactate and preferential fatty acid substrate
metabolism
- has been down to increase power, force, and maintenance
Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? -
correct-answer -- increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
-greater increase in Type II muscle fibers
-shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? - correct-
answer --increased oxidative capacity, increased number and size of mitochondria,
increase in enzymes of metabolic pathways involved in oxidative metabolism
---------succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (krebs cycle tricarboxylic
acid cycle)
, 4
What has the greatest effect on the sedentary person's daily energy expenditure?
- correct-answer -resting metabolic rate
What activities or sports use ATP-PCr energy system as the main energy system? -
correct-answer -short, high intensity sports (sprinting, power lifting, high jump,
long jump)
What dose of creatine, after creatine loading, will maintain elevated creatine
levels for 28 days? - correct-answer -A typical creatine supplementation protocol
of either a loading phase of 20 to 25 g CM/d or 0.3 CM/kg/d split into 4 to 5 daily
intakes of 5 grams each have been recommended to quickly saturate creatine
stores in the skeletal muscle. However, a more moderate protocol where several
smaller doses of creatine are ingested along the day (20 intakes of 1 g every 30
min) could be a better approach to et a maximal saturation of the intramuscular
creatine store. In order to keep the maximal saturation of body creatine, the
loading phase must be followed by a maintenance period of 3-5 g CM/d or 0.03 g
CM/kg/d
What role do vitamins play in metabolism? - correct-answer -Vitamins are the
building blocks/precursors to cell parts and enzymes involved in substrate
metabolism
Where does most of the energy for ATP phosphorylation come from? - correct-
answer -from the energy in the chemical bonds of the food we ingest
CISSN EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026
(GRADED A+)
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the
predominant fuel source during distance running? - correct-answer -fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? - correct-
answer -approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and
performance? - correct-answer -decrease thermoregulation and performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-
exhaustion and dehydration stress? - correct-answer -Results demonstrate that AG
supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing time to
exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely
mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
, 2
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity? -
correct-answer -Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - correct-answer -Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4
weeks? - correct-answer -- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product
of leucine metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective tissue.
According to the clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered as an
anti-catabolic substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA
supplementation on body composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
and physical performance of athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
What is a BOD-POD? - correct-answer -a body composition recording device that
uses air displacement plethysmography
, 3
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions
does one fuel source predominate over the other? - correct-answer --Fat oxidation
primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? -
correct-answer --betaine supplementation may positively affect exercise
performance through favorable lactate and preferential fatty acid substrate
metabolism
- has been down to increase power, force, and maintenance
Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? -
correct-answer -- increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
-greater increase in Type II muscle fibers
-shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? - correct-
answer --increased oxidative capacity, increased number and size of mitochondria,
increase in enzymes of metabolic pathways involved in oxidative metabolism
---------succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (krebs cycle tricarboxylic
acid cycle)
, 4
What has the greatest effect on the sedentary person's daily energy expenditure?
- correct-answer -resting metabolic rate
What activities or sports use ATP-PCr energy system as the main energy system? -
correct-answer -short, high intensity sports (sprinting, power lifting, high jump,
long jump)
What dose of creatine, after creatine loading, will maintain elevated creatine
levels for 28 days? - correct-answer -A typical creatine supplementation protocol
of either a loading phase of 20 to 25 g CM/d or 0.3 CM/kg/d split into 4 to 5 daily
intakes of 5 grams each have been recommended to quickly saturate creatine
stores in the skeletal muscle. However, a more moderate protocol where several
smaller doses of creatine are ingested along the day (20 intakes of 1 g every 30
min) could be a better approach to et a maximal saturation of the intramuscular
creatine store. In order to keep the maximal saturation of body creatine, the
loading phase must be followed by a maintenance period of 3-5 g CM/d or 0.03 g
CM/kg/d
What role do vitamins play in metabolism? - correct-answer -Vitamins are the
building blocks/precursors to cell parts and enzymes involved in substrate
metabolism
Where does most of the energy for ATP phosphorylation come from? - correct-
answer -from the energy in the chemical bonds of the food we ingest
