NATS 1870 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION 2025/2026
through accommodation, your eye can change its refractive power to help it
focus images by
changing the shape of the lens itself, via attached ciliary muscles contracting or relaxing
it (lesson 13)
we have blurry vision in water (such as in a swimming pool) because
cornea itself is mostly made of water, reducing the difference in indices of refraction
(lesson 13)
a person born with no (functioning) retina in his eyes would
be completely blind (lesson 13)
although the eye and camera share the light capturing functionalities in common
between them, the eye differs from a camera in another key subsequent
functionality known as
transduction (lesson 13)
in what sense might we be using colours as symbols?
colours are symbols for different light stimuli (lesson 13)
t or f: cones require brighter lighting conditions than rods to function
true (lesson 13)
without any blood vessels attached to them, and themselves composed of tightly
packaged crystalline fibres, cornea and lens remain
,transparent (lesson 13)
what was the earliest form of vision like?
in black and white only, using rods (lesson 13)
which labelled position in this diagram indicated the location where most of the
cones can be found?
D (lesson 13)
the image below shows an example of one of our important uses of colour. what
is it?
distinguishing objects from one another (lesson 13)
out of the following aspects involved in colour vision, which one is considered to
be the MOST known and understood by science?
anatomy of the eye (lesson 13)
which of these three diagrams shows how an image is focused in someone who
is near sighted?
c (lesson 13)
which parts of the human eye do NOT contribute to the focusing of the incoming
light?
all contribute to focusing (all: cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, lens)
(lesson 13)
the opponent colour system
subtracts cone signals from each other, to distinguish colours (lesson 13)
,the S, M and L type cones evolved in past organisms at different times in history.
rank their first appearance in chronological order, from oldest to most recent
L-S-M (lesson 13)
which of these is NOT true about the photoreceptors?
they are all mostly concentrated at the fovea
(true things: there are about 100 million of them in each human eye, they are neural
cells, there are no photoreceptors at the blind spot of each eye)
(lesson 13)
why are the terms 'pupil dilation' and 'pupil constriction' technically incorrect?
it is not the pupil itself that dilates or constricts (lesson 13)
almost all of the refraction of light in the eye is accomplished by which part(s)?
cornea and lens (lesson 13)
what would be an advantage for an organism to have trichromatic colour vision
over dichromatic?
ability to better distinguish differences between colours (lesson 13)
"what colour" is a question that
involves both objective and physical explanations involving light and subjective
descriptions of the brain's perceptions (lesson 13)
the term 'action potential' is used to describe
the passing of an electric signal inside a neural cell (lesson 14)
, why is cone vision higher in acuity (sharpness of detail perceived) than rod
vision?
due to cones' low convergence, with each single cone connected to a single neuron
receiving its signal (lesson 14)
how do the bipolar and horizontal cells 'know' that a photon had been absorbed
and converted into a neural signal by the photoreceptor cell before them?
There is a drop in neurotransmitters being sent to them from the photoreceptor. (lesson
14)
As this diagram of the 'electrical wiring' of rods-to-ganglion-cell (red circle)
versus cones-to-ganglion-cells shows,
'rod-vision' is more sensitive than 'cone-vision' since output from multiple rods
converges together to trigger a single ganglion cell to fire (lesson 14)
according to the dark adaptation curves shown below, how long will it take for
our eyes to completely adapt to darkness (after coming into a dark room from the
bright outdoors for example)?
at least 20 minutes (lesson 14)
each of our 3 types of cone receptors are more sensitive to a different wavelength
of light because
each type of cone photo receptors contains a photo pigment molecule with a different
absorption spectrum (lesson 14)
due to their initially undeveloped visual acuity, infants
can mostly perceive only images with high bright/dark contrast, and up close (lesson 14)
a photon is to light as ____ is to a neural signal?
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION 2025/2026
through accommodation, your eye can change its refractive power to help it
focus images by
changing the shape of the lens itself, via attached ciliary muscles contracting or relaxing
it (lesson 13)
we have blurry vision in water (such as in a swimming pool) because
cornea itself is mostly made of water, reducing the difference in indices of refraction
(lesson 13)
a person born with no (functioning) retina in his eyes would
be completely blind (lesson 13)
although the eye and camera share the light capturing functionalities in common
between them, the eye differs from a camera in another key subsequent
functionality known as
transduction (lesson 13)
in what sense might we be using colours as symbols?
colours are symbols for different light stimuli (lesson 13)
t or f: cones require brighter lighting conditions than rods to function
true (lesson 13)
without any blood vessels attached to them, and themselves composed of tightly
packaged crystalline fibres, cornea and lens remain
,transparent (lesson 13)
what was the earliest form of vision like?
in black and white only, using rods (lesson 13)
which labelled position in this diagram indicated the location where most of the
cones can be found?
D (lesson 13)
the image below shows an example of one of our important uses of colour. what
is it?
distinguishing objects from one another (lesson 13)
out of the following aspects involved in colour vision, which one is considered to
be the MOST known and understood by science?
anatomy of the eye (lesson 13)
which of these three diagrams shows how an image is focused in someone who
is near sighted?
c (lesson 13)
which parts of the human eye do NOT contribute to the focusing of the incoming
light?
all contribute to focusing (all: cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, lens)
(lesson 13)
the opponent colour system
subtracts cone signals from each other, to distinguish colours (lesson 13)
,the S, M and L type cones evolved in past organisms at different times in history.
rank their first appearance in chronological order, from oldest to most recent
L-S-M (lesson 13)
which of these is NOT true about the photoreceptors?
they are all mostly concentrated at the fovea
(true things: there are about 100 million of them in each human eye, they are neural
cells, there are no photoreceptors at the blind spot of each eye)
(lesson 13)
why are the terms 'pupil dilation' and 'pupil constriction' technically incorrect?
it is not the pupil itself that dilates or constricts (lesson 13)
almost all of the refraction of light in the eye is accomplished by which part(s)?
cornea and lens (lesson 13)
what would be an advantage for an organism to have trichromatic colour vision
over dichromatic?
ability to better distinguish differences between colours (lesson 13)
"what colour" is a question that
involves both objective and physical explanations involving light and subjective
descriptions of the brain's perceptions (lesson 13)
the term 'action potential' is used to describe
the passing of an electric signal inside a neural cell (lesson 14)
, why is cone vision higher in acuity (sharpness of detail perceived) than rod
vision?
due to cones' low convergence, with each single cone connected to a single neuron
receiving its signal (lesson 14)
how do the bipolar and horizontal cells 'know' that a photon had been absorbed
and converted into a neural signal by the photoreceptor cell before them?
There is a drop in neurotransmitters being sent to them from the photoreceptor. (lesson
14)
As this diagram of the 'electrical wiring' of rods-to-ganglion-cell (red circle)
versus cones-to-ganglion-cells shows,
'rod-vision' is more sensitive than 'cone-vision' since output from multiple rods
converges together to trigger a single ganglion cell to fire (lesson 14)
according to the dark adaptation curves shown below, how long will it take for
our eyes to completely adapt to darkness (after coming into a dark room from the
bright outdoors for example)?
at least 20 minutes (lesson 14)
each of our 3 types of cone receptors are more sensitive to a different wavelength
of light because
each type of cone photo receptors contains a photo pigment molecule with a different
absorption spectrum (lesson 14)
due to their initially undeveloped visual acuity, infants
can mostly perceive only images with high bright/dark contrast, and up close (lesson 14)
a photon is to light as ____ is to a neural signal?
