HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL
EXAMPREP 2026 SOLVED
QUESTIONS FULL SOLUTION SET
◉ Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types). Answer:
Monocytes and neutrophils
◉ Phagocytic immune cells (2 types). Answer: Macrophages and
neutrophils
◉ Difference between macrophages and neutrophils?. Answer:
Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a
microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and
waste
◉ General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells
release them?). Answer: Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and
mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel
endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into
tissue
◉ Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon
activation?. Answer: Mast cell
◉ Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within
blood vessel walls?. Answer: Adhesion molecules
,◉ E-Selectin. Answer: An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down
circulating leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity
interaction)
◉ E-Selectin Ligand. Answer: A ligand expressed by circulating
leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate
immune response
◉ ICAM-1. Answer: An adhesion molecule that helps circulating
leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
(high-affinity interaction)
◉ Integrins (and the name of a specific one). Answer: A class of
adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to
ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory
response
◉ Stable Arrest. Answer: When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop
within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can
enter the tissue
◉ Pus. Answer: Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result
of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic
neutrophils)
, ◉ Psoriasis overview. Answer: Autoimmune disease that can cause skin
plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating
into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response
◉ Psoriasis risk factors. Answer: History of strep infections, skin injury,
first degree relative with psoriasis
◉ TNF-alpha in psoriasis. Answer: A pro-inflammatory cytokine
expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also
acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches
◉ Psoriasis treatment (biologics). Answer: Target the pro-inflammatory
cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion
molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting
directly on epithelial cells
◉ Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules.
Answer: Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into
tissue
◉ Most abundant leukocyte. Answer: Neutrophils
◉ What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against?.
Answer: Extracellular bacterial infections
EXAMPREP 2026 SOLVED
QUESTIONS FULL SOLUTION SET
◉ Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types). Answer:
Monocytes and neutrophils
◉ Phagocytic immune cells (2 types). Answer: Macrophages and
neutrophils
◉ Difference between macrophages and neutrophils?. Answer:
Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a
microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and
waste
◉ General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells
release them?). Answer: Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and
mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel
endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into
tissue
◉ Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon
activation?. Answer: Mast cell
◉ Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within
blood vessel walls?. Answer: Adhesion molecules
,◉ E-Selectin. Answer: An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down
circulating leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity
interaction)
◉ E-Selectin Ligand. Answer: A ligand expressed by circulating
leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate
immune response
◉ ICAM-1. Answer: An adhesion molecule that helps circulating
leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
(high-affinity interaction)
◉ Integrins (and the name of a specific one). Answer: A class of
adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to
ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory
response
◉ Stable Arrest. Answer: When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop
within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can
enter the tissue
◉ Pus. Answer: Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result
of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic
neutrophils)
, ◉ Psoriasis overview. Answer: Autoimmune disease that can cause skin
plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating
into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response
◉ Psoriasis risk factors. Answer: History of strep infections, skin injury,
first degree relative with psoriasis
◉ TNF-alpha in psoriasis. Answer: A pro-inflammatory cytokine
expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also
acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches
◉ Psoriasis treatment (biologics). Answer: Target the pro-inflammatory
cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion
molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting
directly on epithelial cells
◉ Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules.
Answer: Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into
tissue
◉ Most abundant leukocyte. Answer: Neutrophils
◉ What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against?.
Answer: Extracellular bacterial infections
