CHEM 210 Final Exam (5 sets of Final
Exam’s) Qs & As () (Verified
Answers
***exam 1 final review*** - Answer--***exam 1 final review***
What are the differences between aliphatic (including alkanes, alkenes,alkynes and
cyclic compounds) aromatic hydrocarbons are. - Answer--ALIPHATIC Hydrocarbon:
Non-aromatic
-Alkanes & CycloAlkanes:single bonds; saturated:Contain only carbon and hydrogen &
C-C & C-H single bonds
-Alkenes:double bond(s)
-Alkynes: triple bond(s)
*alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated: at least one C-C double or triple bond(s)
AROMATIC Hydrocarbon: benzene ring
What is the trend in solubility and boiling point/melting point with increasing number of
carbons? - Answer--longer the hydrocarbon chain: higher- molecular weight- melting
point-boiling point.
What term best describes molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different
structures/arrangements? - Answer--Constitutional isomerism/Isomers- branched chain;
have lower boiling/melting points then straight chains.
Be able to name simple and branched alkanes
alkenes
,alkynes
alcohols.....of alcohols - Answer--...
Reactions of Alkanes - Answer--COMBUSTION: oxidized( burning) in the presence of
excess molecular oxygen; Incomplete produces carbon monoxide and water;
2CH₄+3O₂→2CO+4H₂O
Complete produces carbon dioxide and water.
CH₄ 2O₂→CO₂+2H₂O
HALOGENATION: Substitution reaction; reacted or replaced w/ halogen(chl or br
normally) Produces: alkyl halide or haloalkane in presence of heat &/or UV light.
CH₄+BR₂→CH₃BR+ H-BR
Reactions of Alkenes - Answer--Reactions below/next slides
Symmetrical: Hydrogenation: Addition of hydrogen H₂(alkene) 2H₂(alkyne) Halogenation
similar: addition of Cl₂or Br₂-no catalyst
X₂(alkene) or 2X₂(alkyne) - Answer--The addition of a molecule of hydrogen (H2) to a
carbon-carbon double bond to produce an alkane
•The double bond is broken
•Two new C-H bonds result
•Platinum, palladium, or nickel is required as a catalyst
•Heat and/or pressure may also be required
Unsymmetrical Addition- Hydration of alkene - Answer--A water molecule can be added
to an alkene
•Presence of strong acid is required as a catalyst
•Product resulting is an alcohol
•major and minor products, refer to Markovnikov's Rule
Unsymmetrical Addition- Hydration of alkyne - Answer--enol-both alkene (ene) and
alcohol (ol)
Markovnikov's Rule controls Unsymmetrical addition:
E.g Hydrohalogenation-Addition of HX
X=Cl₂ or Br₂ - Answer--When an acid adds to a double bond, the H of the acid most
often goes to the end of the double bond, which had more H attached initially. Major and
minor products:
•H-OH
•H-Cl
•H-Br
, which is a reaction of aromatic compounds? - Answer--•Substitution reaction b/c
Benzene does not readily undergo addition reactions due to its stable structure.
- An atom or group substitutes for an H on the
ring
- All benzene reactions require a catalyst
The reactions are:
1. Halogenation-catalyst:iron halide
2. Nitration-catalyst:concentrated sulfuric acid
3. Sulfonation-catalyst:temps in range of
50⁰-55°C
what is produced in the oxidation of a primary alcohol? Secondary? -
Answer--1°=aldehyde
2°=ketone
what is the simplest alcohol? - Answer--methanol CH₃OH
-(Wood alcohol) (Formaldehyde)
Colorless and odorless liquid; Used as a solvent and fuel; Toxic, can cause blindness
and death if ingested.
-Used as fuel or embalming
which alcohol is present in beer? - Answer--ethanol CH₃CH₂OH
An odorless, colorless liquid; widely used as a
solvent in alcoholic beverages
Derived from fermentation of carbohydrates
Denatured alcohol has methanol or benzene added
to pure ethanol to prevent consumption.
• Wine - 12-13% ethanol-----Double for proof 24-26%
• Scotch - 40-45% ethanol---Double for proof 80-90%
what is the name/product of the oxidation of methanol? - Answer--methan(al)
common name: formaldehyde
what is the name/product of the oxidation of ethanol?
what symptoms does it produce in the body?
pg. 419
q 12.8 - Answer--ethan(al)
ethanol is metabolized in the liver, it is oxidized to ethanal (common
name:acetaldehyde).
Exam’s) Qs & As () (Verified
Answers
***exam 1 final review*** - Answer--***exam 1 final review***
What are the differences between aliphatic (including alkanes, alkenes,alkynes and
cyclic compounds) aromatic hydrocarbons are. - Answer--ALIPHATIC Hydrocarbon:
Non-aromatic
-Alkanes & CycloAlkanes:single bonds; saturated:Contain only carbon and hydrogen &
C-C & C-H single bonds
-Alkenes:double bond(s)
-Alkynes: triple bond(s)
*alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated: at least one C-C double or triple bond(s)
AROMATIC Hydrocarbon: benzene ring
What is the trend in solubility and boiling point/melting point with increasing number of
carbons? - Answer--longer the hydrocarbon chain: higher- molecular weight- melting
point-boiling point.
What term best describes molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different
structures/arrangements? - Answer--Constitutional isomerism/Isomers- branched chain;
have lower boiling/melting points then straight chains.
Be able to name simple and branched alkanes
alkenes
,alkynes
alcohols.....of alcohols - Answer--...
Reactions of Alkanes - Answer--COMBUSTION: oxidized( burning) in the presence of
excess molecular oxygen; Incomplete produces carbon monoxide and water;
2CH₄+3O₂→2CO+4H₂O
Complete produces carbon dioxide and water.
CH₄ 2O₂→CO₂+2H₂O
HALOGENATION: Substitution reaction; reacted or replaced w/ halogen(chl or br
normally) Produces: alkyl halide or haloalkane in presence of heat &/or UV light.
CH₄+BR₂→CH₃BR+ H-BR
Reactions of Alkenes - Answer--Reactions below/next slides
Symmetrical: Hydrogenation: Addition of hydrogen H₂(alkene) 2H₂(alkyne) Halogenation
similar: addition of Cl₂or Br₂-no catalyst
X₂(alkene) or 2X₂(alkyne) - Answer--The addition of a molecule of hydrogen (H2) to a
carbon-carbon double bond to produce an alkane
•The double bond is broken
•Two new C-H bonds result
•Platinum, palladium, or nickel is required as a catalyst
•Heat and/or pressure may also be required
Unsymmetrical Addition- Hydration of alkene - Answer--A water molecule can be added
to an alkene
•Presence of strong acid is required as a catalyst
•Product resulting is an alcohol
•major and minor products, refer to Markovnikov's Rule
Unsymmetrical Addition- Hydration of alkyne - Answer--enol-both alkene (ene) and
alcohol (ol)
Markovnikov's Rule controls Unsymmetrical addition:
E.g Hydrohalogenation-Addition of HX
X=Cl₂ or Br₂ - Answer--When an acid adds to a double bond, the H of the acid most
often goes to the end of the double bond, which had more H attached initially. Major and
minor products:
•H-OH
•H-Cl
•H-Br
, which is a reaction of aromatic compounds? - Answer--•Substitution reaction b/c
Benzene does not readily undergo addition reactions due to its stable structure.
- An atom or group substitutes for an H on the
ring
- All benzene reactions require a catalyst
The reactions are:
1. Halogenation-catalyst:iron halide
2. Nitration-catalyst:concentrated sulfuric acid
3. Sulfonation-catalyst:temps in range of
50⁰-55°C
what is produced in the oxidation of a primary alcohol? Secondary? -
Answer--1°=aldehyde
2°=ketone
what is the simplest alcohol? - Answer--methanol CH₃OH
-(Wood alcohol) (Formaldehyde)
Colorless and odorless liquid; Used as a solvent and fuel; Toxic, can cause blindness
and death if ingested.
-Used as fuel or embalming
which alcohol is present in beer? - Answer--ethanol CH₃CH₂OH
An odorless, colorless liquid; widely used as a
solvent in alcoholic beverages
Derived from fermentation of carbohydrates
Denatured alcohol has methanol or benzene added
to pure ethanol to prevent consumption.
• Wine - 12-13% ethanol-----Double for proof 24-26%
• Scotch - 40-45% ethanol---Double for proof 80-90%
what is the name/product of the oxidation of methanol? - Answer--methan(al)
common name: formaldehyde
what is the name/product of the oxidation of ethanol?
what symptoms does it produce in the body?
pg. 419
q 12.8 - Answer--ethan(al)
ethanol is metabolized in the liver, it is oxidized to ethanal (common
name:acetaldehyde).
