NR 565 - ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
FINAL - CHAMBERLAIN
95+ (Updated for 2026) Exam Prep Pack | A+ Questions & Verified Answers
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📋 DOCUMENT OVERVIEW 95 Qs
This document covers advanced pharmacology topics, specifically pharmacokinetics, drug interactions,
and contraindications in various patient populations, including diabetics, patients with renal impairment,
and those with psychiatric histories. The document provides 95 pre-answered questions with detailed
explanations, allowing students to review and understand key concepts in pharmacology for exam
preparation. Students can use this resource to study, review, and solidify their understanding of
pharmacological principles, enhancing their knowledge and confidence in pharmacology.
✓ Verified Answers ✓ Exam Ready ✓ Study Guide
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide
EXAM QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
In which patient population is Metformin contraindicated in?
A. Diabetics with HA1c < 7.0%
B. Patients older than 50
C. Alcoholics
D. Women suffering from infertility
CORRECT ANSWER
C. Alcoholics
RATIONALE: Metformin is contraindicated in alcoholics because it's broken down by the liver enzyme alcohol
dehydrogenase, which is induced by chronic alcohol consumption, potentially leading to lactic acidosis, a serious and
potentially life-threatening condition. This increased risk occurs because alcoholics have impaired liver function, making it
difficult for their bodies to process Metformin safely.
QUESTION 2
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, What lab value suggests metformin might be contraindicated?
A. eGFR <30
B. Crea 0.8
C. WBC 7.8
D. Bun 17
CORRECT ANSWER
A. eGFR <30
RATIONALE: The correct answer, "eGFR <30", is because a reduced estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is a
marker of impaired kidney function, and metformin is contraindicated in patients with severe kidney impairment due to
the risk of lactic acidosis. Metformin is primarily excreted by the kidneys, and in patients with eGFR <30, the risk of
accumulation and toxicity increases, making it a contraindication for metformin use.
QUESTION 3
What medication is contraindicated to treat diabetes if a patient already has a cardiac ejection fraction
rate of 40%?
A. Second Generation sulfonyureas
B. Thiazolidinediones
C. Dopamine Agonist
D. Glucosidase Inhibitor
CORRECT ANSWER
B. Thiazolidinediones
RATIONALE: Thiazolidinediones are contraindicated in patients with heart failure or low cardiac ejection fraction due to
their potential to exacerbate fluid retention and worsen cardiac function, making them a poor choice for managing
diabetes in patients with compromised cardiac health. This class of medication can increase the risk of fluid overload and
further decline in cardiac function, particularly in patients with an already compromised ejection fraction like the one
described.
QUESTION 4
Sabrina is a 35-year-old female who presents with complaints of fatigue, anxiety, and palpitations. She
has a long history of obesity and reports that she is happy that she has lost 23 pounds in the last 2
months. She also reports that she has trouble sleeping and her husband complains that she is keeping
the house too cold. Physical exam reveals slight tachycardia at 104 bpm and a slightly enlarged
thyroid. Thyroid testing reveals hyperthyroidism or Grave's disease.
Which of the following agents is the first-line treatment for hyperthyroidism or Grave's disease?
A. Methimazole
B. Metoprolol
C. Allopurinol
D. Levothyroxine
CORRECT ANSWER
A. Methimazole
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, RATIONALE: Methimazole is a medication that specifically targets the production of thyroid hormones, making it an
effective treatment for hyperthyroidism and Grave's disease by inhibiting the thyroid gland's ability to produce excess
hormones. As the first-line treatment, methimazole is typically preferred over other options because it directly addresses
the underlying cause of the condition, rather than just managing symptoms.
QUESTION 5
Which of the following medications would be considered the first line of treatment for a newly
diagnosed Diabetic patient with adequate renal and hepatic function?
A: NovoLog Sliding Scale Insulin
B: Liraglutide (Victoza)
C: Oral Metformin
D: Glipizide
CORRECT ANSWER
C: Oral Metformin
RATIONALE: Oral Metformin is the first line of treatment for a newly diagnosed diabetic patient with adequate renal and
hepatic function because it is a first-line medication for type 2 diabetes due to its effectiveness in improving insulin
sensitivity and reducing glucose production in the liver. Metformin is also preferred over other options because it has a
low risk of causing hypoglycemia, weight gain, or increased risk of cardiovascular events, making it an ideal initial
treatment choice.
QUESTION 6
Of the following medications, which is most likely to cause hypoglycemia?
A. Metformin
B. Insulin
C. Incretin mimetics
D. Thiazolidinediones
CORRECT ANSWER
B. Insulin
RATIONALE: Insulin directly lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating its uptake into cells, and excessive administration
can lead to a rapid drop in blood glucose, resulting in hypoglycemia. This mechanism of action and potential for over-
supplementation with insulin make it the most likely medication among the options to cause hypoglycemia.
QUESTION 7
Which symptoms are most expected of a patient diagnosed with hypothyroidism?
A. shortness of breath, wheezing, fatigue
B. tachycardia, insomnia, weight loss, goiter
C. irritability, anxiety, dizziness, increased sweating
D. dry pale skin, brittle hair, fatigue, myxedema
CORRECT ANSWER
D. dry skin, brittle hair, fatigue, myxedema
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, RATIONALE: Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading
to a decrease in metabolism and various bodily functions. The symptoms listed in option D, such as dry pale skin, brittle
hair, fatigue, and myxedema (a condition characterized by swelling of the skin), are consistent with these metabolic
changes and are therefore the most expected symptoms of a patient diagnosed with hypothyroidism.
QUESTION 8
Patients with an increased risk for UTIs and genital infections or an active diagnosis, should avoid
what drug class/es for treatment of Type II Diabetes?
A. Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
B. Biguanide.
C. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors.
D. All of the above.
CORRECT ANSWER
C. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors.
RATIONALE: SGLT-2 inhibitors increase glucose excretion in the urine, which can lead to a drier vaginal and urinary tract
environment, increasing the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and genital infections. Avoiding this drug class is
recommended for patients with an increased risk for these infections or an active diagnosis, making option C the correct
answer.
QUESTION 9
A 45-year-old patient with a history of type 2 diabetes presents to the clinic for a follow-up
appointment. The healthcare provider has prescribed metformin as part of the treatment plan. Which
of the following statements regarding metformin is correct?
A. Metformin primarily stimulates insulin production from the pancreas.
B. Metformin reduces glucose levels primarily by decreasing insulin resistance.
C. Metformin is associated with a risk of hypoglycemia.
D. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic glucose production.
CORRECT ANSWER
D. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic glucose production.
RATIONALE: Metformin works by enhancing the body's ability to use insulin effectively, which is known as improving
insulin sensitivity, and reducing the liver's production of glucose. This is why option D is correct because it accurately
describes how metformin affects glucose metabolism, making it the best choice among the options provided.
QUESTION 10
In what part of the body are SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors active?
A. Small intestine
B. Pancreas
C. Renal tubules
D. Stomach
CORRECT ANSWER
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 4 of 34
FINAL - CHAMBERLAIN
95+ (Updated for 2026) Exam Prep Pack | A+ Questions & Verified Answers
100% Guarantee Pass
📋 DOCUMENT OVERVIEW 95 Qs
This document covers advanced pharmacology topics, specifically pharmacokinetics, drug interactions,
and contraindications in various patient populations, including diabetics, patients with renal impairment,
and those with psychiatric histories. The document provides 95 pre-answered questions with detailed
explanations, allowing students to review and understand key concepts in pharmacology for exam
preparation. Students can use this resource to study, review, and solidify their understanding of
pharmacological principles, enhancing their knowledge and confidence in pharmacology.
✓ Verified Answers ✓ Exam Ready ✓ Study Guide
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide
EXAM QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
In which patient population is Metformin contraindicated in?
A. Diabetics with HA1c < 7.0%
B. Patients older than 50
C. Alcoholics
D. Women suffering from infertility
CORRECT ANSWER
C. Alcoholics
RATIONALE: Metformin is contraindicated in alcoholics because it's broken down by the liver enzyme alcohol
dehydrogenase, which is induced by chronic alcohol consumption, potentially leading to lactic acidosis, a serious and
potentially life-threatening condition. This increased risk occurs because alcoholics have impaired liver function, making it
difficult for their bodies to process Metformin safely.
QUESTION 2
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, What lab value suggests metformin might be contraindicated?
A. eGFR <30
B. Crea 0.8
C. WBC 7.8
D. Bun 17
CORRECT ANSWER
A. eGFR <30
RATIONALE: The correct answer, "eGFR <30", is because a reduced estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is a
marker of impaired kidney function, and metformin is contraindicated in patients with severe kidney impairment due to
the risk of lactic acidosis. Metformin is primarily excreted by the kidneys, and in patients with eGFR <30, the risk of
accumulation and toxicity increases, making it a contraindication for metformin use.
QUESTION 3
What medication is contraindicated to treat diabetes if a patient already has a cardiac ejection fraction
rate of 40%?
A. Second Generation sulfonyureas
B. Thiazolidinediones
C. Dopamine Agonist
D. Glucosidase Inhibitor
CORRECT ANSWER
B. Thiazolidinediones
RATIONALE: Thiazolidinediones are contraindicated in patients with heart failure or low cardiac ejection fraction due to
their potential to exacerbate fluid retention and worsen cardiac function, making them a poor choice for managing
diabetes in patients with compromised cardiac health. This class of medication can increase the risk of fluid overload and
further decline in cardiac function, particularly in patients with an already compromised ejection fraction like the one
described.
QUESTION 4
Sabrina is a 35-year-old female who presents with complaints of fatigue, anxiety, and palpitations. She
has a long history of obesity and reports that she is happy that she has lost 23 pounds in the last 2
months. She also reports that she has trouble sleeping and her husband complains that she is keeping
the house too cold. Physical exam reveals slight tachycardia at 104 bpm and a slightly enlarged
thyroid. Thyroid testing reveals hyperthyroidism or Grave's disease.
Which of the following agents is the first-line treatment for hyperthyroidism or Grave's disease?
A. Methimazole
B. Metoprolol
C. Allopurinol
D. Levothyroxine
CORRECT ANSWER
A. Methimazole
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 2 of 34
, RATIONALE: Methimazole is a medication that specifically targets the production of thyroid hormones, making it an
effective treatment for hyperthyroidism and Grave's disease by inhibiting the thyroid gland's ability to produce excess
hormones. As the first-line treatment, methimazole is typically preferred over other options because it directly addresses
the underlying cause of the condition, rather than just managing symptoms.
QUESTION 5
Which of the following medications would be considered the first line of treatment for a newly
diagnosed Diabetic patient with adequate renal and hepatic function?
A: NovoLog Sliding Scale Insulin
B: Liraglutide (Victoza)
C: Oral Metformin
D: Glipizide
CORRECT ANSWER
C: Oral Metformin
RATIONALE: Oral Metformin is the first line of treatment for a newly diagnosed diabetic patient with adequate renal and
hepatic function because it is a first-line medication for type 2 diabetes due to its effectiveness in improving insulin
sensitivity and reducing glucose production in the liver. Metformin is also preferred over other options because it has a
low risk of causing hypoglycemia, weight gain, or increased risk of cardiovascular events, making it an ideal initial
treatment choice.
QUESTION 6
Of the following medications, which is most likely to cause hypoglycemia?
A. Metformin
B. Insulin
C. Incretin mimetics
D. Thiazolidinediones
CORRECT ANSWER
B. Insulin
RATIONALE: Insulin directly lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating its uptake into cells, and excessive administration
can lead to a rapid drop in blood glucose, resulting in hypoglycemia. This mechanism of action and potential for over-
supplementation with insulin make it the most likely medication among the options to cause hypoglycemia.
QUESTION 7
Which symptoms are most expected of a patient diagnosed with hypothyroidism?
A. shortness of breath, wheezing, fatigue
B. tachycardia, insomnia, weight loss, goiter
C. irritability, anxiety, dizziness, increased sweating
D. dry pale skin, brittle hair, fatigue, myxedema
CORRECT ANSWER
D. dry skin, brittle hair, fatigue, myxedema
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, RATIONALE: Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading
to a decrease in metabolism and various bodily functions. The symptoms listed in option D, such as dry pale skin, brittle
hair, fatigue, and myxedema (a condition characterized by swelling of the skin), are consistent with these metabolic
changes and are therefore the most expected symptoms of a patient diagnosed with hypothyroidism.
QUESTION 8
Patients with an increased risk for UTIs and genital infections or an active diagnosis, should avoid
what drug class/es for treatment of Type II Diabetes?
A. Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
B. Biguanide.
C. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors.
D. All of the above.
CORRECT ANSWER
C. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors.
RATIONALE: SGLT-2 inhibitors increase glucose excretion in the urine, which can lead to a drier vaginal and urinary tract
environment, increasing the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and genital infections. Avoiding this drug class is
recommended for patients with an increased risk for these infections or an active diagnosis, making option C the correct
answer.
QUESTION 9
A 45-year-old patient with a history of type 2 diabetes presents to the clinic for a follow-up
appointment. The healthcare provider has prescribed metformin as part of the treatment plan. Which
of the following statements regarding metformin is correct?
A. Metformin primarily stimulates insulin production from the pancreas.
B. Metformin reduces glucose levels primarily by decreasing insulin resistance.
C. Metformin is associated with a risk of hypoglycemia.
D. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic glucose production.
CORRECT ANSWER
D. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic glucose production.
RATIONALE: Metformin works by enhancing the body's ability to use insulin effectively, which is known as improving
insulin sensitivity, and reducing the liver's production of glucose. This is why option D is correct because it accurately
describes how metformin affects glucose metabolism, making it the best choice among the options provided.
QUESTION 10
In what part of the body are SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors active?
A. Small intestine
B. Pancreas
C. Renal tubules
D. Stomach
CORRECT ANSWER
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