NURS 431 - Final Exam Study Guide | Study Questions
and verified Answers | A+ Graded | 2026 Updates |
100% correct
Naegele's Rule - ANSWER- Subtract 3 months, add 7 days, add 1 year
GTPAL - ANSWER- Gravida, Term, Preterm, Abortions, Living
Expected fundal height for gestational age - ANSWER- • 12 weeks - pubic bone
• 16 weeks - Half way between pubic bone & belly button
• 36 weeks - Sternum/breastbone
Non-stress test (NST)? - ANSWER- FHR accelerates with movement
• REACTIVE - Two or more FHR accelerations (> or = 15bpm) with fetal movement in a 20-30-
minute time period
• NON-REACTIVE - No FHR accelerations or accelerations <15bpm
Contraction Stress Test (CST)? - ANSWER- - Less commonly used time consuming, more
expensive, can be invasive if oxytocin used
- Contractions are stimulated with oxytocin or nipple stimulation (increases endogenous
oxytocin)
• NEGATIVE (no late decelerations)
• POSITIVE (persistent or consistent late deceleration
Average Fetal Heart Rate? - ANSWER- 110-160 bpm
Placenta abruption - ANSWER- Separation of placenta and uterus
placenta abruption risk factors? - ANSWER- • previous placental abruption (not caused by
abdominal trauma)
• hypertension
• Preeclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP syndrome
• fall/blow to abdomen
,• smoking/cocaine
• >40 years old
placenta abruption Clinical symptoms? - ANSWER- • PAINFUL vaginal bleeding
• Abdominal/uterine tenderness ("board-like"), contractions
• shock if severe
Placenta previa - ANSWER- low implantation of the placenta on the uterine wall covering the
cervix
Placenta Previa - ANSWER- PAINLESS vaginal bleeding after 24 weeks
No Abdominal tenderness
cord prolapse treatment - ANSWER- Treatment includes relieving the pressure on the
umbilical cord
Umbilical Cord - ANSWER- Two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta and
one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus
Pre-elampsia diagnosis - ANSWER- BP >140/90 + proteinuria
Pre-eclampsia - ANSWER- • hypertension
• edema
• clonus
• overactive reflexes
• DTR
Pre-eclampsia complications HELLP SYNDROME? - ANSWER- • H: hemolysis (Hg/Hct
decrease)
• EL: elevated liver enzymes (elevated AST & ALT)
• LP: low platelets (platelets decrease < 100,000)
• Can occur without overt preeclampsia
• Generalized malaise
• Epigastric pain
• Nausea/vomiting
, • Headache
• Treatment - Only "cure" is delivery of infant
Pre-eclampsia complications Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC) - ANSWER- •
Spontaneous bleeding (nose, gums, IV site)
• Petechiae, bruising, hematuria, GI bleeding
• Pulmonary edema, respiratory distress
• Tachycardia, hypotension
• Placental abruption
• Decreased platelets, fibrinogen, factor V
MAGNESIUM SULFATE - A "HIGH-ALERT" MEDICATION Dose? - ANSWER- IV - initial loading
dose is 4-6
MAGNESIUM SULFATE - What should you assess for? - ANSWER- RR = (< 12/min), Serum
levels (higherthan 7 mEq/L), Decreased LOC, Muscle weakness, Decreased urine output (< 30
ml/hour), Decreased deep tendon reflexes
MAGNESIUM SULFATE - when you intervene what should be done? (What is the antidote?) -
ANSWER- • 1st - STOP INFUSION and notify provider
• 2nd - Give Oxygen as needed
• 3rd - Administer calcium gluconate (antidote)
Pre-eclampsia magnesium management S/E? - ANSWER- • Decreased deep tendon reflexes
(DTRs)
• respiratory depression, sedation,
• muscle weakness,
• slurred speech,
• decreased consciousness
• hypotension, decreased urine output, a feeling of warmth, flushing, burning at IV site, nausea,
decreased cardiac function, bradycardia
eclampsia - ANSWER- • May occur with or without preceding pre-eclampsia
• Characterized by the onset of seizures
and verified Answers | A+ Graded | 2026 Updates |
100% correct
Naegele's Rule - ANSWER- Subtract 3 months, add 7 days, add 1 year
GTPAL - ANSWER- Gravida, Term, Preterm, Abortions, Living
Expected fundal height for gestational age - ANSWER- • 12 weeks - pubic bone
• 16 weeks - Half way between pubic bone & belly button
• 36 weeks - Sternum/breastbone
Non-stress test (NST)? - ANSWER- FHR accelerates with movement
• REACTIVE - Two or more FHR accelerations (> or = 15bpm) with fetal movement in a 20-30-
minute time period
• NON-REACTIVE - No FHR accelerations or accelerations <15bpm
Contraction Stress Test (CST)? - ANSWER- - Less commonly used time consuming, more
expensive, can be invasive if oxytocin used
- Contractions are stimulated with oxytocin or nipple stimulation (increases endogenous
oxytocin)
• NEGATIVE (no late decelerations)
• POSITIVE (persistent or consistent late deceleration
Average Fetal Heart Rate? - ANSWER- 110-160 bpm
Placenta abruption - ANSWER- Separation of placenta and uterus
placenta abruption risk factors? - ANSWER- • previous placental abruption (not caused by
abdominal trauma)
• hypertension
• Preeclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP syndrome
• fall/blow to abdomen
,• smoking/cocaine
• >40 years old
placenta abruption Clinical symptoms? - ANSWER- • PAINFUL vaginal bleeding
• Abdominal/uterine tenderness ("board-like"), contractions
• shock if severe
Placenta previa - ANSWER- low implantation of the placenta on the uterine wall covering the
cervix
Placenta Previa - ANSWER- PAINLESS vaginal bleeding after 24 weeks
No Abdominal tenderness
cord prolapse treatment - ANSWER- Treatment includes relieving the pressure on the
umbilical cord
Umbilical Cord - ANSWER- Two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta and
one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus
Pre-elampsia diagnosis - ANSWER- BP >140/90 + proteinuria
Pre-eclampsia - ANSWER- • hypertension
• edema
• clonus
• overactive reflexes
• DTR
Pre-eclampsia complications HELLP SYNDROME? - ANSWER- • H: hemolysis (Hg/Hct
decrease)
• EL: elevated liver enzymes (elevated AST & ALT)
• LP: low platelets (platelets decrease < 100,000)
• Can occur without overt preeclampsia
• Generalized malaise
• Epigastric pain
• Nausea/vomiting
, • Headache
• Treatment - Only "cure" is delivery of infant
Pre-eclampsia complications Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC) - ANSWER- •
Spontaneous bleeding (nose, gums, IV site)
• Petechiae, bruising, hematuria, GI bleeding
• Pulmonary edema, respiratory distress
• Tachycardia, hypotension
• Placental abruption
• Decreased platelets, fibrinogen, factor V
MAGNESIUM SULFATE - A "HIGH-ALERT" MEDICATION Dose? - ANSWER- IV - initial loading
dose is 4-6
MAGNESIUM SULFATE - What should you assess for? - ANSWER- RR = (< 12/min), Serum
levels (higherthan 7 mEq/L), Decreased LOC, Muscle weakness, Decreased urine output (< 30
ml/hour), Decreased deep tendon reflexes
MAGNESIUM SULFATE - when you intervene what should be done? (What is the antidote?) -
ANSWER- • 1st - STOP INFUSION and notify provider
• 2nd - Give Oxygen as needed
• 3rd - Administer calcium gluconate (antidote)
Pre-eclampsia magnesium management S/E? - ANSWER- • Decreased deep tendon reflexes
(DTRs)
• respiratory depression, sedation,
• muscle weakness,
• slurred speech,
• decreased consciousness
• hypotension, decreased urine output, a feeling of warmth, flushing, burning at IV site, nausea,
decreased cardiac function, bradycardia
eclampsia - ANSWER- • May occur with or without preceding pre-eclampsia
• Characterized by the onset of seizures
