NSE 222: WEEKS 8-12 | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
2026 UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
Why do we need trustworthiness in qualitative research? Answer - •As a
research reader, we have to judge the quality of the data that were collected
(rigor)
•A researcher is said to demonstrate trustworthiness when the findings of the
study are a true representation of participants' realities backed by accurate
description of procedures undertaken during the research process
What are the 5 terms for trustworthiness in qualitative research? Answer -
•Credibility
•Confirmability
•Dependability
•Transferability
•Authenticity
What is credibility? Answer - Credibility is a characteristic of qualitative
research that refers to the accuracy, validity, and soundness of data.
- confidence in the 'truth' of the findings
What is confirmability? Answer - Confirmability represents a degree of
neutrality or the extent to which the findings of a study are shaped by the
respondents and not researcher bias, motivation, or interest.
,- QL researchers keeps detailed notes as to where data came from, how data
was interpreted, and findings obtained, etc. so readers can trace the data to
their sources.
- Auditability is the characteristic of a qualitative study that allows another
researcher or a reader to follow the thinking or conclusions of the investigator
What is dependability? Answer - Refers to the degree to which a study can
yield similar results if repeated with similar methods and techniques
- Readers can follow how researchers made decisions by evaluating the
adequacy of the analysis.
- showing that the findings are consistent and could be repeated
What is transferability? Answer - Refers to the degree to which study findings
are applicable outside the study situation and the degree to which the results
are meaningful to individuals not involved in the research.
- The findings from one study/context can be transferred to another that is
similar in context/participants.
- Knowledge can be transferred from one context to another
What is authenticity? Answer - Authenticity refers to fairness in the
presentation in that all value conflicts, differences, and views of the
participants are noted in the analysis.
What are the techniques for ensuring credibility? Answer - - Member checking
- Peer debriefing (also referred to as peer review)
- Prolonged Engagement/Persistent Observation
- Negative case analysis/Deviant case analysis
What are the techniques for ensuring confirmability? Answer - - Triangulation
, - Audit trail
- Reflexivity
What is the technique for ensuring dependability? Answer - Inquiry audit
What is the technique for ensuring transferability? Answer - Thick description
What is member checking? Answer - - This is when data, analytic categories,
interpretations and conclusions are tested with members of those groups from
whom the data were originally obtained.
- This can be done both formally and informally as opportunities for member
checks may arise during the normal course of observation and conversation.
- Typically, member checking is viewed as a technique for establishing the
validity of an account.
- Lincoln and Guba posit that this is the most crucial technique for establishing
credibility. However, this technique is controversial.
What is peer debriefing? Answer - - "It is a process of exposing oneself to a
disinterested peer in a manner paralleling an analytical sessions and for the
purpose of exploring aspects of the inquiry that might otherwise remain only
implicit within the inquirer's mind" (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, p. 308)
- This is a process allows the researcher to seek for alternative perspectives
from the research team about the data and findings
What is prolonged engagement? Answer - - Spending sufficient time in the
field to learn or understand the culture, social setting, or phenomenon of
interest.
- This involves spending adequate time observing various aspects of a setting,
speaking with a range of people, and developing relationships and rapport with
members of the culture.
2026 UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
Why do we need trustworthiness in qualitative research? Answer - •As a
research reader, we have to judge the quality of the data that were collected
(rigor)
•A researcher is said to demonstrate trustworthiness when the findings of the
study are a true representation of participants' realities backed by accurate
description of procedures undertaken during the research process
What are the 5 terms for trustworthiness in qualitative research? Answer -
•Credibility
•Confirmability
•Dependability
•Transferability
•Authenticity
What is credibility? Answer - Credibility is a characteristic of qualitative
research that refers to the accuracy, validity, and soundness of data.
- confidence in the 'truth' of the findings
What is confirmability? Answer - Confirmability represents a degree of
neutrality or the extent to which the findings of a study are shaped by the
respondents and not researcher bias, motivation, or interest.
,- QL researchers keeps detailed notes as to where data came from, how data
was interpreted, and findings obtained, etc. so readers can trace the data to
their sources.
- Auditability is the characteristic of a qualitative study that allows another
researcher or a reader to follow the thinking or conclusions of the investigator
What is dependability? Answer - Refers to the degree to which a study can
yield similar results if repeated with similar methods and techniques
- Readers can follow how researchers made decisions by evaluating the
adequacy of the analysis.
- showing that the findings are consistent and could be repeated
What is transferability? Answer - Refers to the degree to which study findings
are applicable outside the study situation and the degree to which the results
are meaningful to individuals not involved in the research.
- The findings from one study/context can be transferred to another that is
similar in context/participants.
- Knowledge can be transferred from one context to another
What is authenticity? Answer - Authenticity refers to fairness in the
presentation in that all value conflicts, differences, and views of the
participants are noted in the analysis.
What are the techniques for ensuring credibility? Answer - - Member checking
- Peer debriefing (also referred to as peer review)
- Prolonged Engagement/Persistent Observation
- Negative case analysis/Deviant case analysis
What are the techniques for ensuring confirmability? Answer - - Triangulation
, - Audit trail
- Reflexivity
What is the technique for ensuring dependability? Answer - Inquiry audit
What is the technique for ensuring transferability? Answer - Thick description
What is member checking? Answer - - This is when data, analytic categories,
interpretations and conclusions are tested with members of those groups from
whom the data were originally obtained.
- This can be done both formally and informally as opportunities for member
checks may arise during the normal course of observation and conversation.
- Typically, member checking is viewed as a technique for establishing the
validity of an account.
- Lincoln and Guba posit that this is the most crucial technique for establishing
credibility. However, this technique is controversial.
What is peer debriefing? Answer - - "It is a process of exposing oneself to a
disinterested peer in a manner paralleling an analytical sessions and for the
purpose of exploring aspects of the inquiry that might otherwise remain only
implicit within the inquirer's mind" (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, p. 308)
- This is a process allows the researcher to seek for alternative perspectives
from the research team about the data and findings
What is prolonged engagement? Answer - - Spending sufficient time in the
field to learn or understand the culture, social setting, or phenomenon of
interest.
- This involves spending adequate time observing various aspects of a setting,
speaking with a range of people, and developing relationships and rapport with
members of the culture.
