By : Mr. Vipul Budhiraja Session 2025-26 98151-67577
XII ECONOMICS (Session 2025-26)
Unit 6
Chapter 6
Employment
Celebrating 19th Year!
1-Who is a worker?
ls
a
A worker is an individual, who is involved in some economic activity to earn a living.
r
weather, festivals, social or religious functions, they are also workers.
i
Even if some of them temporarily abstain from work due to illness, injury or other physical disability, bad
2- De ne Labour force.
t o
Tu
All persons who are working and though not working or seeking and are available for work are
deemed to be in labour force.
p
3- De ne labour force participation rate or workforce participation rate?
hi
The ratio of labour force to total population is called the labour force participation rate . It is used to
analysing the employment situation of a county.
4- De ne Workforce?
r s
o
The number of persons who are actually employed at a particular time are known as workforce.
W
5- How can you calculate number of unemployed people?
’l s
Number of unemployed people = labour force — work force
Rate of unemployed =(number of unemployed /size of labour force) x100
pu
6-De ne worker population ratio?
Worker population ratio refers to the ratio of total number of workers to the population multiplied
by 100.
Vi
7-De ne employment?
- Employment is an activity which enables a person to earn means of living.
- Employment maybe either in the form of self employment or wage employment.
8-Explain self employment?
- An arrangement in which a worker uses his own resources to make a livings known as self
employment.
- workers who own and operate an enterprise to earn their livelihood.
- About 52.2% of workforce in India belongs to this category.
- In the case of self employment a person makes uses of his own land ,labour, capital and
entrepreneurship to make a living.
9-Explain wage employment ?
- An arrangement in which a worker sells his labour and earns wages in return is known as wage
employment .
- Workers do not have any other resources other than their own labour.
1
fifi
, By : Mr. Vipul Budhiraja Session 2025-26 98151-67577
- They offer their labour services to others and in return get wages.
- For example a doctor running his own clinic is an example of self employment .however if the doctor is
employed by a hospital then it will be a wage employment.
- Wage employment is of two types -
1- regular workers
2- casual workers
10- Explain regular workers ?
- when a worker engaged by someone or by an enterprise and is paid wages on a regular basis,
then such worker is known as regular salaried employee.
- workers are hired on permanent basis and also get social security bene ts.
s
- regular workers account for just 22.8% of India’s workforce.
- for example - the professors, teachers ,civil engineers etc.
al
11- Explain casual workers?
r i
- workers who are casually engaged and in return get remuneration for the work done are termed as
casual workers.
t o
- casual workers are not hired on a permanent basis. It means they do not have regular income,
Tu
protection on regulation from the government, job security and social bene ts.
- casual workers accounts for 25% of India’s workforce.
12- De ne jobless growth?
i p
h
Jobless growth refers to a situation when the economy is able to produce more goods and services
s
without a proportionate increase in employment opportunities i.e. economy tends to rise due to
r
technology without an increase in level of employment .
o
13-De ne casualisation of workforce ?
W
The process of moving from self employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage
work is known as casualisation of workforce.
’l s
14-De ne informatisation?
u
It refers to a situation whereby the proportion of workforce in the Informal sector to total workforce
increases.
i p
V
15. Why majority of women are not categorised as workers?
Women carry out works like cooking, fetching water and fuel wood and participate in farm labour.
They are not paid wages in cash or in the form of grains; at times they are not paid at all. For this reason,
these women are not categorised as workers. Economists argue that these women should be called
workers.
NCERT
16. Why do people work?
a. Work plays an important role in our lives as individuals and as members of society. People work for
earning a living.
b. Being employed in work gives us a sense of self-worth and enables us to relate ourselves
meaningfully with others.
c. Every working person is actively contributing to national income and hence, the development of
the country by engaging in various economic activities— that is the real meaning of earning a living.
d. We also have a sense of accomplishment when we work to meet the requirements of those who are
dependent on us.
2
fi fi fi fi
XII ECONOMICS (Session 2025-26)
Unit 6
Chapter 6
Employment
Celebrating 19th Year!
1-Who is a worker?
ls
a
A worker is an individual, who is involved in some economic activity to earn a living.
r
weather, festivals, social or religious functions, they are also workers.
i
Even if some of them temporarily abstain from work due to illness, injury or other physical disability, bad
2- De ne Labour force.
t o
Tu
All persons who are working and though not working or seeking and are available for work are
deemed to be in labour force.
p
3- De ne labour force participation rate or workforce participation rate?
hi
The ratio of labour force to total population is called the labour force participation rate . It is used to
analysing the employment situation of a county.
4- De ne Workforce?
r s
o
The number of persons who are actually employed at a particular time are known as workforce.
W
5- How can you calculate number of unemployed people?
’l s
Number of unemployed people = labour force — work force
Rate of unemployed =(number of unemployed /size of labour force) x100
pu
6-De ne worker population ratio?
Worker population ratio refers to the ratio of total number of workers to the population multiplied
by 100.
Vi
7-De ne employment?
- Employment is an activity which enables a person to earn means of living.
- Employment maybe either in the form of self employment or wage employment.
8-Explain self employment?
- An arrangement in which a worker uses his own resources to make a livings known as self
employment.
- workers who own and operate an enterprise to earn their livelihood.
- About 52.2% of workforce in India belongs to this category.
- In the case of self employment a person makes uses of his own land ,labour, capital and
entrepreneurship to make a living.
9-Explain wage employment ?
- An arrangement in which a worker sells his labour and earns wages in return is known as wage
employment .
- Workers do not have any other resources other than their own labour.
1
fifi
, By : Mr. Vipul Budhiraja Session 2025-26 98151-67577
- They offer their labour services to others and in return get wages.
- For example a doctor running his own clinic is an example of self employment .however if the doctor is
employed by a hospital then it will be a wage employment.
- Wage employment is of two types -
1- regular workers
2- casual workers
10- Explain regular workers ?
- when a worker engaged by someone or by an enterprise and is paid wages on a regular basis,
then such worker is known as regular salaried employee.
- workers are hired on permanent basis and also get social security bene ts.
s
- regular workers account for just 22.8% of India’s workforce.
- for example - the professors, teachers ,civil engineers etc.
al
11- Explain casual workers?
r i
- workers who are casually engaged and in return get remuneration for the work done are termed as
casual workers.
t o
- casual workers are not hired on a permanent basis. It means they do not have regular income,
Tu
protection on regulation from the government, job security and social bene ts.
- casual workers accounts for 25% of India’s workforce.
12- De ne jobless growth?
i p
h
Jobless growth refers to a situation when the economy is able to produce more goods and services
s
without a proportionate increase in employment opportunities i.e. economy tends to rise due to
r
technology without an increase in level of employment .
o
13-De ne casualisation of workforce ?
W
The process of moving from self employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage
work is known as casualisation of workforce.
’l s
14-De ne informatisation?
u
It refers to a situation whereby the proportion of workforce in the Informal sector to total workforce
increases.
i p
V
15. Why majority of women are not categorised as workers?
Women carry out works like cooking, fetching water and fuel wood and participate in farm labour.
They are not paid wages in cash or in the form of grains; at times they are not paid at all. For this reason,
these women are not categorised as workers. Economists argue that these women should be called
workers.
NCERT
16. Why do people work?
a. Work plays an important role in our lives as individuals and as members of society. People work for
earning a living.
b. Being employed in work gives us a sense of self-worth and enables us to relate ourselves
meaningfully with others.
c. Every working person is actively contributing to national income and hence, the development of
the country by engaging in various economic activities— that is the real meaning of earning a living.
d. We also have a sense of accomplishment when we work to meet the requirements of those who are
dependent on us.
2
fi fi fi fi
