BIOL 319 COHN FINAL EXAM SCRIPT
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
ACCURATE ANSWERS
◉ What two ions do the kidneys regulate that impact pH? Answer:
Hydrogen ions (H⁺) and Bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻)
◉ How do kidneys affect blood pH? Answer: Excrete H⁺ (lowers
acidity) and reabsorb or generate HCO₃⁻ (raises pH)
◉ What molecule does the respiratory system directly regulate? Answer:
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
◉ What happens to carbonic acid when CO₂ levels change? Answer:
Carbonic acid changes, affecting H⁺ and HCO₃⁻ levels
◉ Which molecule directly impacts pH? Answer: Hydrogen ions (H⁺)
◉ What is the overall purpose of the digestive system? Answer: To
break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste
◉ Where does digestion begin? Answer: In the mouth
◉ What is the pH of chyme in the stomach? Answer: ~1-2 (very acidic)
, ◉ What protects the stomach from its acidic environment? Answer:
Thick mucus layer and tight epithelial junctions
◉ Where does neutralization of stomach acid occur? Answer: In the
small intestine (duodenum)
◉ What macromolecule is emulsified by bile? Answer: Lipids (fats)
◉ What is the function of the liver? Answer: Processes absorbed
glucose, stores glucose as glycogen, and regulates blood glucose levels
◉ What is the gut microbiome? Answer: A community of
microorganisms located in the large intestine
◉ What is Vitamin K important for? Answer: Blood clotting
◉ What do gonads produce? Answer: Germ cells (gametes) and sex
hormones
◉ What do male gonads produce? Answer: Sperm and testosterone
◉ What do female gonads produce? Answer: Eggs (ova) and estrogen
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
ACCURATE ANSWERS
◉ What two ions do the kidneys regulate that impact pH? Answer:
Hydrogen ions (H⁺) and Bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻)
◉ How do kidneys affect blood pH? Answer: Excrete H⁺ (lowers
acidity) and reabsorb or generate HCO₃⁻ (raises pH)
◉ What molecule does the respiratory system directly regulate? Answer:
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
◉ What happens to carbonic acid when CO₂ levels change? Answer:
Carbonic acid changes, affecting H⁺ and HCO₃⁻ levels
◉ Which molecule directly impacts pH? Answer: Hydrogen ions (H⁺)
◉ What is the overall purpose of the digestive system? Answer: To
break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste
◉ Where does digestion begin? Answer: In the mouth
◉ What is the pH of chyme in the stomach? Answer: ~1-2 (very acidic)
, ◉ What protects the stomach from its acidic environment? Answer:
Thick mucus layer and tight epithelial junctions
◉ Where does neutralization of stomach acid occur? Answer: In the
small intestine (duodenum)
◉ What macromolecule is emulsified by bile? Answer: Lipids (fats)
◉ What is the function of the liver? Answer: Processes absorbed
glucose, stores glucose as glycogen, and regulates blood glucose levels
◉ What is the gut microbiome? Answer: A community of
microorganisms located in the large intestine
◉ What is Vitamin K important for? Answer: Blood clotting
◉ What do gonads produce? Answer: Germ cells (gametes) and sex
hormones
◉ What do male gonads produce? Answer: Sperm and testosterone
◉ What do female gonads produce? Answer: Eggs (ova) and estrogen
