Final Exam V1: NU 606/ NU606 (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)- Regis

GRADED A++ Final Exam V1: NU 606/ NU606 (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)- Regis Q: What is a segmental fracture? Answer large fragments are present Q: What is a comminuted fracture? Answer bone breaks into many small fragments Q: What is a colles fracture? Answer a fracture of the wrist from catching a fall GRADED A++ Q: What is a potts fracture? Answer fracture of the ankle from stepping/jumping with force Q: What can immediate casting after a fracture cause? Answer compression can lead to ischemia and other complications Q: what is a dislocation? Answer bone comes completely out of joint socket Q: what is a subluxation? Answer bone partially comes out of socket GRADED A++ Q: what is kyphosis? Answer Humpback in the thoracic area Q: what is lordosis? Answer Swayback in the lumbar region (Lumbar, Lordosis) Q: what is the role of osteoclasts? Answer bone resorption / break down Q: what is the role of osteoblasts? Answer bone formation (B = BUILD) Q: What occurs in osteoporosis? Answer GRADED A++ osteoclastic activity osteoblastic activity Q: what are the results of osteoporosis? Answer weak bones, increased fracture risk Q: what are the risk factors for developing osteoporosis? Answer Vitamin D deficit, small stature, being female, decreased activity Q: What occurs in Paget's disease? Answer good bone is replaced with fibrous tissue Q: what are the manifestations of Paget's disease? Answer compression fractures, kyphosis GRADED A++ Q: what is the main microorganism in osteomyelitis? Answer staph aureus Q: what are herberdan nodes? Answer bony enlargement at the end of small joints, such as fingers Q: what happens during osteoarthritis? Answer cartilage degenerates, erodes, loss of joint space, bones grind together Q: what are the manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis? Answer both sides of the body and the systemic body have symtpoms: nodules form, joints become fixed, fever, fatigue,, aches GRADED A++ Q: what is the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis? Answer type 3 hypersensitivity immune reaction - antibody/antigen complex deposits destory tissue what is the pathophysiology of ankylosing spondylitis? Answer autoimmune condition triggers inflammation that leads to FIBROSIS, CALCIFICATION, and FUSION ** primarily effects vertebrae what are the risk factors for developing gout? Answer renal disease, genetic affect on uricase what is the pathophysiology of gout? Answer hyperuricemia -- crystals form and deposit into joint spaces -- inflammatory response leads to pain --- damages cartilage over time GRADED A++ what is believed to cause fibromyalgia? Answer increased sensitivity to to neurotransmitter, substance P what are the manifestations/triggers of fibromyalgia? Answer insomnia/sleep disturbances, fatigue, pain, irritable bowel, depression what is the main type of muscular dystrophy? Answer Duchenne - X linked, more common in males What is the pathophysiology of muscular dystrophy? Answer -deficit of dystrophin -breakdown of muscle cells -body replaces muscle with fat and fibrous tissue -loss of function GRADED A++ what is the pathophysiology of ricketts/ ostemomalacia? lack of vitamin D - ineffective bone remodeling -- soft and weak bones -- deformity and fracture What is Ewing's sarcoma? Malignant growth that occurs in the marrow of the long bones, most common in adolescents what is the pathophysiology of bursitis? repetitive motion -- irritation -- motion continues -- inflammation of the fluid filled sac within joint -- stiffness and limited mobility What is Hodgkin's lymphoma? -cancer of the lymphatic tissue due to defective T lymphocyte's. -starts in single lymph nodes, then adjacent, then metastasizes what is a Reed-Sternberg cell associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma what are the symptoms of lymphoma? -enlarged, painless lymph node. GRADED A++ -splenomegally what cells are the problem in non-hodgkins lyymphoma? B lymphocytes what is the ann arbor staging system? stage 1: single lymph node above diaphargm stage 2: 2+ nodes above diaphargm stage 3: multiple nodes above and below diaphragm stage 4: widespread/ metastasis What is multiple myeloma? -cancer of the B (plasma) cells -malignant B/plasma cells replae bone marrow and erode bone -leads to pain and fractures & anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia what happens with blood cell production in multiple myeloma? -deceased RBCs, WBCs, Platelets -anemia, bleeding, and infection GRADED A++ what are the manifestations of multiple myeloma? bone pain, fractures, infections, kidney failure what causes elaphantiasis? the fungi filaris what is castleman's disease? overgrowth of lymmph tissue, increases risk of lymphoma what type of hypersensitivity reaction is contact dermatitis? type IV (4) - delayed, cell-mediated **sensitized T lymphocytes attack antigen and lead to inflammatory response and destruction what are vesicles larger than 1cm called? Bulla what type of hypersensitivity reaction is Urticaria? GRADED A++ Type 1: IgE mediated (histamine release) what are wheals? itchy, raised/elevated lesions with irregular shape what is atopic dematitis? eczema what types of immune componenets are involved in atopic dermatitis? eosinophils IgE what is the triad involved in atopic dermatitis? asthma allergies atopic dermatitis what are the manifestations of eczema in kids versus adults? kids: red, crusty lesions on skin adults: pale, flakey, lethary looking skin GRADED A++ what is psoriasis? a genetic skin condition involving T Cell and Cytokines how does psoriasis present? silvery, scaly plaques: red ase with silvlery scales on top due to skin cell overproliferation -- thick what is the pathophysiology of pemphigus? antiibody complex forms between layers of skin cells - fill with fluid -- vesicle/bulla forms -- vesicle erupts -- open lesions eventually become crusted what is the pathophysiology of scleroderma? autoimmune disorder -- improper collagen deposits -- inflammations and fibrosis occurs -- tight skin with reduced elasticity and impaired organ perfusion what is the most common organism in cellulitis? staph aureus GRADED A++ what is a furuncle? fluid filled boil what is a carbuncle? cluster of furuncles what is the pathogen most commonly in furuncles and carbuncles staphlyococcus aureus what are the two most common pathogens in acute necrotizing fasciitis? GABHS and strep pyrogenes what happens in acute necrotizing fasciitis? bacterias invade tissue and release toxins that quickly become systemic and lead to shock what is the pathophysiology of herpes simplex virus? virus enters host -- replication alters normal skin -- vesicle forms -- vesicle ruptures -- ulcer (cold sore GRADED A++ what are warts caused by? HPV what do warts look like? white, fleshy, tan colored, cauliflower looking in appearance what is tinea? fungal infection what is a woods lamp? A filtered black light that is used to illuminate skin disorders, fungi, bacterial disorders and pigmentation problems what causes scabies? mites what do scabies look like? linear brown / red lines due to the female mite burrowing GRADED A++ what does ABCDE stand for in malignant melanoma? A - area increases B - irregular border C - color change D - diameter change/ growrh E - evolves over time What type of hypersensitivity is ABO incompatibility? Type II - cytotoxic IgG destorys antigen through phagocytosis or releasing cytolyic enzymes what are the symptoms of a blood transfusion mismatch? low back pain, hematuria, fever, shortness of breath, tachycardia what occurs in a ABO mismatch? transfused cells contain antigen -- plasma contains antibodies -- they mix and clump what are the general symptoms of anemia? pallor, fatigue, tachycardia, shortness of breath GRADED A++ What type of anemia is iron deficiency anemia? microcytic, hypochromic what are the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia? glossitis, decreased healing, brittle hair, spoon shaped nails what lab values are associated with IDA? decreased: MCV, MCHC, serum ferritin increased: RDW, reticulocytes What causes pernicious anemia? -vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor -causes malabsorption -related to BOWEL DISEASE what type of anemia is pernicious anemia? megaloblastic anemia GRADED A++ what are the two types of hemolytic anemia? sickle cell anemia and thalassemia what occurs in pernicious anemia? lack of B 12 leads to altered DNA synthesis of RBCs -- blood cells are too big -- undergo apoptosis what are the manifestations of pernicious anemia? - lack of B12 causes demyelination of peripheral nerves -paresthesias, decreased muscles control & coordination what is aplastic anemia? destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow what is the result of aplastic anemia? pancytopenia: increased bleeding and infection risk anemia what is G6PD? enzyme involved in the functioning and protection of RBCs GRADED A++ what occurs if there is a G6PD deficiency? destruction of RBCs - hemolytic anemia How is G6PD deficiency inherited? X-linked recessive what occurs in sickle cell anemia? HgbS crystalizes under increased demand with insufficient supply of O2 -- cell turns into sickle shape -vasooclusive crisis (ischmemia) -splenic sequestry (blood pools in spleen - shock) -aplastic crisis What occurs in thalassemia? genetic deficiency in Hgb production leads to significant decreased in hgb -- hypoxia which stunts growth and development what complication can occur in thalassemia? increased cardiac workload with hypoxia leads to heart failure GRADED A++ what is thrombocytopenia? low platelet count how can liver disease cause bleadding risk ? leads to vitamin K deficiency since Vitamin K is synthesized in the liver -- decreased in clotting factors What is von Willebrand disease? Deficiency or defective von Willebrand's factor (vWF) so platelets cannot clump/stick to vessel wall what is hemophilia A Factor VIII deficiency -- severe clotting problems and bleeding risk how is hemophilia A inherited? X-linked recessive what is priary polycythemia? GRADED A++ myeloproliferative disease with increased RBCs, WBS, Platelets what is secondary polycythemia? driven by hypoxia what are the symptoms of polycythemia? headache, dizziness, ringing in ears, increased blood pressure, bounding pulse, what happens in DIC? offending incident provokes clotting cascade -uses up clotting factors -body attempt to break up clots with fibrinolysis -extensive hemorrhage occurs what is thrombophilia? hypercoagulability most often caused. by Factor V leidin