PUBH 6011 Final Exam Questions and Answers

PUBH 6011 Final Exam Questions and Answers 2026-2027

1. Two types of cell apoptosis: programmed cell death
death necrosis: cell damage and death

2. Virus vs bacteria virus: only active within host cells which they need to
reproduce
bacteria: single-celled organisms that produce own
energy and can reproduce on their own

3. DNA base pairing A-T
G-C

4. DNA strands held to- hydrogen bonds
gether by...

5. DNA to protein DNA encodes the sequence of proteins carried in
DNA

6. Gene DNA coding (for protein, for trait)

7. Protein functions structural support, storage, transport, cellular com-
munications, movement, and defense against foreign
substances

8. Protein sequence determines how protein will fold

9. Protein structure determines function

10. Enzyme enhances rate of chemical reaction in body; catalysts,
so not used up in reaction

11. Process of DNA to DNA > transcription > RNA > transcription > protein
protein

12. Genome all of an organism's genetic material

13. Epigenetics the study of influences on gene expression that occur
without a DNA change

determines which genes are expressed




, PUBH 6011 Final Exam Questions and Answers 2026-2027

14. Epigenetics results heritable changes in the phenotype without changes
in to DNA sequence/structure (genotype)

15. Can epigenetic mod- YES
ifications be trans-
ferred from genera-
tion to generation?

16. Three mechanisms 1. DNA methylation
of epigenetics 2. histone modification
3. micro-RNAs

17. DNA methylation adding a methyl group to DNA to switch off the gene

possible connection between DNA methylation of 5
genes and PM 2.5

18. Histone protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in
chromatin

19. Histone modifica- changes in the structure of histones that make it
tion more or less likely that a segment of DNA will be
transcribed

acetyl group allows for transcription

20. Epigenetic factor acetyl group; allows for transcription
that binds to histone
tail

21. Micro-RNAs bind to complementary RNA to prevent translation

22. Mutation heritable changes in genetic information
genotype change

23. Microlesions base pair substitution

24. 2 types of microle- change in DNA sequence
sions change in codon (if coding region)




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25. Change in codon - X2 X2 X2 no effect = degenerate code
X2 X2 X2 X2




3 outcomes
X2 X2 missense mutation = change amino acid, sometimes funct X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




ion
nonsense mutation = premature termination or splice chan X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




ge

26. Typesofgeneticmu- X2 X
2 X
2 microlesions frames X2




tations in lecture
X2 X2 X2 hiftmutations macro l
X
2 X2 X2




esions

27. Typesofgeneticmu- X2 X
2 X
2 1. Deletion
tations
X2 2. Duplication
3. Inversion
4. Insertion
5. Translocation

28. frameshift mutation mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide consequen X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




ces:altered protein, often non-functional
X
2 X2 X2 X2




29. macrolesions chromosomal aberrations X2




change in chromosomal structure c X2 X2 X2 X2




hange in chromosome number X2 X2 X2




30. Causeofchromoso- effects on mitotic machinery, not DNA
X
2 X
2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




mal aberration
X2 X2




31. Macrolesion muta- deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation -- usual-
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




tion:changeinchro- ly cell death
X2 X
2 X
2 X
2 X2 X2 X2




mosome structure
X2 X2




32. Macrolesion muta- aneuploidy:increase number of one+ chromosomes polyp
X2 X
2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




tion:changeinchro- loidy: increase in whole set
X2 X
2 X
2 X
2 X2 X2 X2 X2




mosome number
X2 X2




33. Aneuploidy Achromosomalaberrationin which oneormorechro-
X
2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




mosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in n X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




umber.


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34. Polyploidy conditionin which an organism has extra sets of chro- X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




mosomes

35. polymorphism theindividual differences of form among the members
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




of a species
X2 X2




can change function of proteins
X2 X2 X2 X2




36. Healtheffectsofmu- X
2 X
2 X
2 germ cells/ova: point mutations may be lethal somatic
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




tation
X2 cells:source of variability (polymorphism); concern = c
X
2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




arcinogenesis

37. How doescancer
X
2 X
2 X2 DNA mutations in cells uX2 X2 X2 X2




arise? ncontrolledproliferation X
2




38. Proto-oncogenemu- leads to altered forms of normal cellular genes X
2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




tation
X2




39. tumorsupressor X
2 X2 mutation
gene can promote apoptosis
X2 X2




can act as "brake" to regulate proliferation of normal cell
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




s

40. Genotoxiccom- X
2 directlyalter DNA poi X2 X2 X2




pounds
X2 nt mutations
X2




chromosomal aberrations X2




41. point mutation
X2 gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




been changed X2




42. nongenotoxiccom- X
2 do not directly alter DNA but can increase cancer risk
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




pound
X2




increase chance of replication errors and increase number
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X




of cells at risk
2 X2 X2 X2




43. cancer types with hi women:lung, breast, colon
X2 X2 X2 X
2 X2 X2 X2




ghest mortality in U men: lung, prostate, colon
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2




S