190 Final Exam
1. Acne etiology: no known cause, during adolescence, both the sweat glands and the oil glands
increase their production, increased production of sebum by the oil glands predisposes
adolescents to develop acne.
2. Prioritizing assessment methods- inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation:
Inspection – patient in supine position, mall pillow placed beneath head & knees,
exposing the abdomen, drape the patient’s pubic area and legs.
Auscultation – is to begin in the RLQ and then proceed through each of the remaining
quadrants with diaphragm of stethoscope. (normal sounds are irregular, gurgling, and
high pitched, occurring 5-30 times per minute – borborygmi (stomach growling) is
normal finding.
Percussion – tapping of the abdomen in various areas starting in RLQ then all remaining
quadrants, percussion over abdomen produces tympany, dullness is heard over the liver
and spleen, resonance is heard over rib cage.
Palpation – light touch & then light pressure to explore the abdomen, deep palpation –
used to palpate organs that lie deep within body cavity like kidney, liver, spleen or with
overlying musculature or obese patients.
3. Typical lung sounds of asthma, chf, pneumonia patients:
Asthma – wheezing, high pitched, continuous
Congestive heart failure – crackles, fine-high pitched, short, crackling
Pneumonia – rales or crackles, coarse-loud, moist, low pitched, bubbling
4. Physical signs of sinus infection: if breathing is noisy or a discharge is present indicates
obstruction or infection, if mucosa is swollen and red may have upper respiratory infection,
pain indicates allergies or infection.
5. ABCDE rule of skin lesion – refers to size, shape, color, diameter and change in lesions.
A – asymmetry
B – border irregularity
C – color variegation
D – diameter greater than 6 mm
E – evolving changes
6. Abnormal infant skin conditions to be reported:
Jaundice – yellowing of the skin, sclera, & mucous membranes. Occurs within 24 hours
of birth or as late as 7 days postnatally.
Contact dermatitis – inflammation of skin due to allergy from soaps, detergents etc.
causing intense itching.
Eczema – inflammation of skin causing red papules & vesicles that ooze &weep, cause
intense itching. Can occur anywhere on body starting at 3 – 4 months.
Vernix caseosa – white cheeselike mixture of sebum and epidermal cells. Skin is covered
at birth.
Milia – areas of tiny white facial paules due to sebum that collects in openings of hair
follicles.
, Mongolian spots – gray, blue or purple spots in sacral and buttocks areas of newborns
of African ancestry, Asian or native American ancestry and those with dark or olive
skin tones.
7. DVT symptoms: occlusion of a deep vein such as in femoral by a blood clot.
Subjective findings – absence of symptoms, intense sharp pain, Homans’ sign
Objective findings – redness, warmth, unilateral edema, low grade fever, tachycardia
8. How to assess Afib: irregular pulse, rate and rhythm, fluttering in chest, light headedness,
chest pain, SOB and echocardiogram or electrocardiogram.
9. Risk factors/ sources for acquiring hepatitis A, B, C infections:
Hepatitis A – transmitted via enteric routes (feces or oral routes)
Hepatitis B – transmitted parenterally, sexually or parenterally
Hepatitis C – transmitted via blood and blood products, parenterally & unknown factors
10. What is osteopenia, osteoporosis:
Osteopenia – bone loss, density that is lower than normal peak density but not low
enough to be classified as osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis – a common disease that weakens bones (bone degeneration), as bones
weaken, your risk of sudden and unexpected fractures increases.
11. Signs/ symptoms of dehydration: tinting, dry mucous membrane, Increased thirst, Dry
mouth and swollen tongue, Weakness, Dizziness, Palpitations, Confusion, Sluggishness,
Fainting, Inability to sweat, Decreased urine output.
12. Palpating lymph nodes in the neck: palpate by exerting gentle circular pressure with finger
pads of two or three fingers of both hands, avoid strong pressure which can push the nodes
into the muscle & underlying structures making them difficult to find. It is important to establish
a routine for assessment, otherwise it’s possible to omit one or more of the groups of nodes.
Nodes are normally non-palpable in adults, infants and adolescents.
13. Differentiating osteoarthritis from rheumatoid arthritis:
Osteoarthritis – joint cartilage erodes, resulting in pain stiffness. Disability is associated
due to changes in the spine, knee and hips. Symptoms revolve around joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis – inflammation of the synovium of the joint which leads to pain,
swelling, damage to the joint and loss of function. Can affect entire body, affects the
hands and feet symmetrically. Pain is felt in mornings when haven’t been moving.
14. Adduction, abduction, extension, flexion:
Adduction (close) – movement of limb toward the body midline
Abduction (open) – movement of limb away from the midline
Extension (extend) – increases the angle between the articulating bones
Flexion (flex) – bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the
articulating bone closer together
15. Wheal, pustule, papule, vesicle:
1. Acne etiology: no known cause, during adolescence, both the sweat glands and the oil glands
increase their production, increased production of sebum by the oil glands predisposes
adolescents to develop acne.
2. Prioritizing assessment methods- inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation:
Inspection – patient in supine position, mall pillow placed beneath head & knees,
exposing the abdomen, drape the patient’s pubic area and legs.
Auscultation – is to begin in the RLQ and then proceed through each of the remaining
quadrants with diaphragm of stethoscope. (normal sounds are irregular, gurgling, and
high pitched, occurring 5-30 times per minute – borborygmi (stomach growling) is
normal finding.
Percussion – tapping of the abdomen in various areas starting in RLQ then all remaining
quadrants, percussion over abdomen produces tympany, dullness is heard over the liver
and spleen, resonance is heard over rib cage.
Palpation – light touch & then light pressure to explore the abdomen, deep palpation –
used to palpate organs that lie deep within body cavity like kidney, liver, spleen or with
overlying musculature or obese patients.
3. Typical lung sounds of asthma, chf, pneumonia patients:
Asthma – wheezing, high pitched, continuous
Congestive heart failure – crackles, fine-high pitched, short, crackling
Pneumonia – rales or crackles, coarse-loud, moist, low pitched, bubbling
4. Physical signs of sinus infection: if breathing is noisy or a discharge is present indicates
obstruction or infection, if mucosa is swollen and red may have upper respiratory infection,
pain indicates allergies or infection.
5. ABCDE rule of skin lesion – refers to size, shape, color, diameter and change in lesions.
A – asymmetry
B – border irregularity
C – color variegation
D – diameter greater than 6 mm
E – evolving changes
6. Abnormal infant skin conditions to be reported:
Jaundice – yellowing of the skin, sclera, & mucous membranes. Occurs within 24 hours
of birth or as late as 7 days postnatally.
Contact dermatitis – inflammation of skin due to allergy from soaps, detergents etc.
causing intense itching.
Eczema – inflammation of skin causing red papules & vesicles that ooze &weep, cause
intense itching. Can occur anywhere on body starting at 3 – 4 months.
Vernix caseosa – white cheeselike mixture of sebum and epidermal cells. Skin is covered
at birth.
Milia – areas of tiny white facial paules due to sebum that collects in openings of hair
follicles.
, Mongolian spots – gray, blue or purple spots in sacral and buttocks areas of newborns
of African ancestry, Asian or native American ancestry and those with dark or olive
skin tones.
7. DVT symptoms: occlusion of a deep vein such as in femoral by a blood clot.
Subjective findings – absence of symptoms, intense sharp pain, Homans’ sign
Objective findings – redness, warmth, unilateral edema, low grade fever, tachycardia
8. How to assess Afib: irregular pulse, rate and rhythm, fluttering in chest, light headedness,
chest pain, SOB and echocardiogram or electrocardiogram.
9. Risk factors/ sources for acquiring hepatitis A, B, C infections:
Hepatitis A – transmitted via enteric routes (feces or oral routes)
Hepatitis B – transmitted parenterally, sexually or parenterally
Hepatitis C – transmitted via blood and blood products, parenterally & unknown factors
10. What is osteopenia, osteoporosis:
Osteopenia – bone loss, density that is lower than normal peak density but not low
enough to be classified as osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis – a common disease that weakens bones (bone degeneration), as bones
weaken, your risk of sudden and unexpected fractures increases.
11. Signs/ symptoms of dehydration: tinting, dry mucous membrane, Increased thirst, Dry
mouth and swollen tongue, Weakness, Dizziness, Palpitations, Confusion, Sluggishness,
Fainting, Inability to sweat, Decreased urine output.
12. Palpating lymph nodes in the neck: palpate by exerting gentle circular pressure with finger
pads of two or three fingers of both hands, avoid strong pressure which can push the nodes
into the muscle & underlying structures making them difficult to find. It is important to establish
a routine for assessment, otherwise it’s possible to omit one or more of the groups of nodes.
Nodes are normally non-palpable in adults, infants and adolescents.
13. Differentiating osteoarthritis from rheumatoid arthritis:
Osteoarthritis – joint cartilage erodes, resulting in pain stiffness. Disability is associated
due to changes in the spine, knee and hips. Symptoms revolve around joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis – inflammation of the synovium of the joint which leads to pain,
swelling, damage to the joint and loss of function. Can affect entire body, affects the
hands and feet symmetrically. Pain is felt in mornings when haven’t been moving.
14. Adduction, abduction, extension, flexion:
Adduction (close) – movement of limb toward the body midline
Abduction (open) – movement of limb away from the midline
Extension (extend) – increases the angle between the articulating bones
Flexion (flex) – bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the
articulating bone closer together
15. Wheal, pustule, papule, vesicle:
