BPK 140 UNIT 9 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

BPK 140 UNIT 9 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Emotional health - Answers feelings and moods Psychological health - Answers Thoughts Mental Wellness - Answers - accurate view of reality - ability to respond to life challenges - ability to develop national strategies for living - our capacity to think, feel, and behave in ways that contribute to our ability to enjoy life and manage challenges Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Answers Bottom to top: - Physiological - safety/security - love/belonging - esteem - self-actualization explanation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs - Answers 1960s: Abraham Maslow described a new ideal of mental health that encouraged individuals to fulfill their potential Defined a hierarchy of needs in order of decreasing importance Defining Psychological Health: Definition of self-actualization - Answers - Realizing one's fullest potential by pursuing personal growth, creativity, and self-fulfillment Defining Psychological Health: Autonomy - Answers - To be autonomous, they can direct themselves and act independently of their social environment - they have an internal locus of control and a high level of self-efficacy Defining Psychological Health: Self-Concept - Answers - In other words a positive self-image - a positive but realistic perception of yourself Defining Psychological Health: Self-Esteem - Answers - Value themselves as people; they feel good about themselves and are likely to live up to their positive self-image and enjoy successes that in turn reinforce these good feelings Defining Psychological Health: Inner-Directed - Answers - they are inner-directed, finding guidance from within, from their own rules and values Defining Psychological Health: Authenticity - Answers - Not afraid to be themselves; sometimes, their capacity for being real may give them a certain childlike quality - such people do not worry about being judged by others just for being themselves - respond in a genuine, spontaneous way to whatever happens, without pretence or self-consciousness Defining Psychological Health: Realism - Answers - realistic people - you know the difference between what is real and what they want - they can cope with the world as it exists without demanding that it be different - they know what they can and can't change Defining Psychological Health: Acceptance - Answers - accept themselves as they are - this requires a positive self-concept Qualities of Mentally Healthy Individuals - Answers - Establishes and maintains close relationships - perceives reality as is - carries out responsibilities - values himself/herself - Pursues work that suits talents and training - accepts own limitations and possibilities - feels a sense of fulfillment in daily living Psychological disorders - Answers - A mental disorder is a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment Psychological disorders were often historically conceptualized as what? - Answers -Historically often conceptualizer as a result of religious or supernatural forces, possession by demons or spirits; often cruelly punished (e.g. Institutionalization) How are disorders viewed now? - Answers Viewed as having biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, diagnoses and possible cures - stigma surrounding mental illness remain Anxiety disorders: GAD - Answers Generalized Anxiety Disorder: chronic, irrational worry about daily everts (work, social relationships, finances) - Extreme agitation, fatigue, feelings of sadness and depression; nausea, trembling, muscle tension, headache - affects ~2.5% of Canadians - treatments: therapy (e.g. CBT), benzodiazepines, antidepressants Anxiety disorders: OCD - Answers obsessive compulsion disorder - obsessions - compulsions - Rituals - ~2% of North Americans - treatments: CBT, antidepressants - Howie Manuel has described his OCD challenges elated to germs - Leonardo DiCaprio has described his challenges with compulsions Panic disorder - Answers recurrent panic attacks - chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, feeling of impending doom - treatments: CBT, anti-anxiety drugs - Agoraphobia: a type of panic disorder that involves individual avoiding social situations ce.g. Riding the bus or flying) due to fear of having a panic attack and not being able to escape or access medical aid if needed Phobias - Answers - Marked, persistent, excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations Social phobias - Answers Paralyzing fear related to social situations (e.g. Public speaking) - affects 8-13% of Canadians Specific (simple) phobias: - Answers e.g. Fear of spiders, heights, dark, water - can cause extreme anxiety and panic - 13% of Canadians will have a phobia - preparedness theory describes how fear may have benefited our ancestors Depressive Mood Disorders - Answers • Depressive symptoms: - feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, extreme guilt - disturbed sleep; changes in eating patters; weight loss - restlessness or fatigue - anhedonia; loss of enjoyment of usual activities - inability to enjoy life - suicidal thoughts - affect 11% of Canadians aged 15 and older • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD; 15% of Canadians) • Postpartum Depression (~1/4 new mothers) • Depressive disorders are associated with an imbalance of neurotransmitters bipolar disorder - Answers • Formally called manic depressive - periods of depression, followed by mania Mania: extreme euphoria, rapid speech, lack of need to sleep; grandiosity - affects 1 - 3% of Canadians - typically starts in adolescence or early adulthood - treatments: cat, lithium carbonate; anticonvulsants, tranquilizers Schizophrenia - Answers Can range from mild to severe • A psychotic (break from reality) disorder that profoundly impairs one's sense of reality • Onset is typically between age 16-30 • Complex set of causal factors • Genetic factors may predispose • Social isolation, drug use, traumatic event(s) may exacerbate/accelerate progression • Disorganized thoughts, inappropriate emotions, delusions, hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices), deteriorating function; sometimes catatonia • Affects ~1% of the population Symptoms of Schizophrenia - Answers • Positive (symptoms present that should be absent) - hallucinations (auditory, visual, taste). - delusions (patently false beliefs, e.g. I an Joan of Arc) - disorganized speech - grossly disorganized behaviour (e.g. childlike silliness masturbation in public) • Negative (symptoms absent that should be present) - Lack of motivation - blunted feelings - depression - social withdrawal Types of Therapists - Answers Psychologist: have an advanced degree in psychology (Ph.D.;MSc) can offer behavioural therapy (e.g. CBT) but not drugs psychiatrist: have a medical degree (M.D); can prescribe drugs social worker: training in counselling and usually licensed and registered counsellors: various kinds; often, no set specialized training or licensing required Antidepressants - Answers Antidepressants are prescription medications designed to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and other conditions like chronic pain by balancing brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine SSRIs SNRIs Tricyclics Mood stabilizers - Answers psychiatric medications used to treat, manage, and prevent extreme mood swings—specifically mania and depression—primarily in bipolar disorder. They function by balancing abnormal brain activity and reducing the intensity of high and low emotional states - lithium - valproic acid - carbamazepine Antipsychotics - Answers a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis Aripiprazole, risperidone Anxiolytics - Answers Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of anxiety. Xanax, Valium, Librium Stimulants - Answers Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Adderall, amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) - Answers Variety of techniques that work towards changing negative patterns of thought and action into positive ones Suicide - Answers Second leading cause of death for those aged 15-34 in Canada