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Algebra courses (Algebra courses)

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C HAPITRE 3

M ATRICES




Sommaire
3.1 Définition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 Inverse d’une matrice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.1 Calcul de l’inverse d’une matrice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3 La transposition d’une matrice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4 La trace d’une matrice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32



3.1 ) Définition

Définition 3.1.1. Soient n, m ∈ N∗ , On appelle matrice de dimension m × n un tableau de
nombres comportant m lignes et n colonnes. Un tel tableau est représenté de la manière suivante :
 
a1,1 a1,2 a1,3 · · · a1,n
 
a a a · · · a
 
 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,n 
 . .. .. .. 
 
A = (ai,j )1≤i≤m ou A =  .. . . . .
1≤j≤n
 .. .. .. 
 
..
 . . . . 
 
am,1 am,2 am,3 · · · am,n

• Les nombres m et n sont appelés dimensions de la matrice. On dit qu’une matrice est de taille
m × n.

• Les éléments ai,j ∈ K sont appelés coefficients de la matrice.

Notation.

• L’ensemble des matrices de taille m × n à coefficients dans K est noté Mm,n (K).

• L’ensemble Mn,n (K) est noté plus simplement Mn (K).




21

, CHAPITRE 3. MATRICES
SECTION 3.1. DÉFINITION Cours algèbre 2


Définition 3.1.2. (Matrices particulières)
 
a
 1,1 
 a2,1 
 
3 Une matrice de largeur n = 1 est appelée matrice colonne, A =  . 

.
 .. 
 
am,1
 
3 Une matrice de hauteur m = 1 est appelée matrice ligne : A = a1,1 , a1,2 , . . . , a1,n
3 Une matrice telle que m = n est appelée matrice carrée :
 
a1,1 a1,2 a1,3 ··· a1,n
 
a
 2,1 a2,2 a2,3 ··· a2,n 

 . .. .. 
..
A =  .. . . . 
 
 .. .. .. 
 
..
 .
 . . . 

an,1 an,2 an,3 ··· an,n

 
1 0 ··· 0
 
0 1 ··· 0
3 On appelle matrice identité de taille n (ou d’ordre n) la matrice carrée : In =  . .
 
 .. .. .. 
 . .
0 0 ··· 1
3 On appelle matrice triangulaire supérieure la matrice carrée :
 
a1,1 a1,2 a1,3 ··· a1,n
 

 0 a2,2 a2,3 ··· a2,n 

 .. 
A= 0 0 a3,3 ... . .
 
.. .. .. 
 
 ..

 . . . . 

0 0 ··· 0 an,n


3 On appelle matrice triangulaire inférieure la matrice carrée :
 
a1,1 0 0 ··· 0
 
a
 2,1 a2,2 0 ··· 0 

 ..
A =  a31 a3,2 a3,3 ... .
 

 .. ..
 
.. 
 .
 . . 0 

an,1 an,2 an,3 ··· an,n

3 Une matrice diagonale est une matrice carrée dont les coefficients en dehors de la diagonale




22 ESSTHS-LEEA1

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