CLASSICS 2902A MIDTERM 2 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Types of surgery - Answers - Fractures
- Rhinoplasty, ear, throat surgery: urinary, fistula, tumors, etc
- Eye surgery
- Combat wounds
- Surgery relating to female reproduction (C-Sections, abortion)
- Dental surgery, dental bridgework
Known Surgeons - Answers - Erasistratus (3rd c BCE, Alexandra): competent surgeon, especially
abdominal
- Philoxenus (fl. 75-70 BCE): expert for tumors
- Ammonius (3rd c BCE, Alexandria): Method for crushing bladder stones:
Attitudes towards surgery - Answers Evidence for surgery is very fragmentary; most of our evidence
comes from Alexandria where surgery flourished
Surgery: Highlights over time - Answers _- Emphasis on speed
- Robert Liston (19th c Surgeon): removed bladder stone in 2 minutes
- William Cheselden (18th c Surgeon): removed bladder stone in 1 minute
- Surgeons of Liston's time: "SPEEDY" leg amputation + 1 testicle + 2 assistant's fingers
Speed limits the quality of surgery
Limitations of Surgery - Answers 1. Lack of power antiseptics (chemical agents that prevent infection)
2. Sepsis - serious condition in which the body responds improperly to infection
Types of Anesthesia - Answers Physical
inhalation/ingestion
Psychological
Physical Anesthesia - Answers - knock out method
- compression of jugular veins
- aritifcal bleeding
Pyschological Anesthesia - Answers - Hypnotism
- Meditations
Inhalation/ingestion - Answers - Advantage: easily adjusted if administered too much
Poppy - Answers - best and longest known, most useful
- crushed and liquid extracted: slit capsule, let juice exude, dry, scrape off, roll into ball
- small dose=stimulant, large dose = induces sleep
- Diagoras and Erasistrauts: Dangers of opium dosage
Hyoscymus (medicinal plant) - Answers - species of wild poppy
- ancient Indian medicine: anesthetic used for c-sections
Hemlock - Answers - local anesthetic
- Internal: affects motor and sensory centers
- death of socrates
Garlic and onions - Answers - small dose: stimulant, large dose; sedative
- Diodorus Siculus: For slaves building pyram,ids, forbidden to priests of Isis
- for roman soldiers before a fight (gave them strength)
Persian medicine broken down into 3 periods - Answers - Indo-European Period (knife - warriors,
herbs - sheperds/farmers, mantras - priests
- Imperial period
- Islamic period
Religion and culture of Ancient Persia - Answers - several religions
- zoroastrianism (main religion)
- blending of religious traditions
- pollution - constant threat (river washing -> impacted medical practices
Cosmology - Ancient Persia (Zoroastrianism) - Answers - good vs evil
- Ahura Mazda (wise lord) vs Angra Mainyu (hostile spirit)
- good = upholding cosmic order and community cohesion
- bad = destruction of cosmic order and community cohesion
- no cooperation between gods
- believed the cosmos is made up of two parts (this world and other world)
, Cosmology and Medicine (ancient persia) (ahura mazda) - Answers - ahura mazda gave power to
Kings, so that human Kings can maintain order through the power given
- Ahura mazda's role is to maintain cosmic order and community cohesion
Accessing power and order of the cosmis: - Answers - magical practices
- focus on dream interpretation, divination, and soul travel
Rituals to control evil - Answers - apotropaic (wards off evil)
- Exorcistic (remove demonic spirits from sick patient)
- "oral rite" - incantations to get entire healing process started
Zoroastrianism is the struggle between ... - Answers Good and evil
Zoroastrianism doesn't view illness.... - Answers as messages from the gods, rather understood
health and illness comes from ahura mazda and agra mainyu
Disease (ancient persia) - Answers attempt to destroy cosmic order and community cohesion
- illness needs body to survive
Healing (ancient persia) - Answers - healing plant of ahura mazda: ingested or smeared
- divine help + physical rite + charged substance
Restoring health (anceint persia) - Answers - disease = demonic possession
- healers uses therapies based on "priestly" power (direct commands for demons and illness to leave
- light - therapeutic property to restore health
- spells and rituals = obedience of the patient
Deity and priests - Answers - spiritual source of healing
- earthly source of healing
Priests-physicians - Answers - medical centers for training priests: Ray, Hamadan, Persepolis
- training -> theory of medicine + apprenticships
- 3 types of healers
(healers with holiness, healers of the law, healer with the knife)
Healing Deities (ancient persia) - Answers - ahura mazda
- airyaman
- anahita
- Azi Dahaka
- Fravashis
Ahura Mazda - Answers -supreme god
- the healer
Airyaman - Answers - harmonic union; friendship
- healer of 99,999 diseases; taught humans purification rituals
- syncretized with jesus christ
Anahita - Answers - divine water, wisdom, fertility, healing
-predated zoroastrianism
-equated with Istar, Artemis
Azi Dahaka - Answers - son of hostile spirits
- only causes harm
- associated with snakes and venom
Fravashis - Answers - protective spirits
- protects midwives for the cosmos and humans
- concepts of airyaman
3 major divisions of Ancient medicine - Answers 1. Regimen (lifestyle changes)
2. Pharmacology
3. surgery
Rudra (ancient Indian Medicine) - Answers - deity known for shooting arrows causing pain
Takman (ancient Indian medicine) - Answers - fire demon and evil spirit
Mountain plant Kushtha for fevers. - Answers
Sushruta Samhita - Answers - ancient medical text written by Sushruta - ancient Indian author
- contains the origins of ayurveda (science of life)
- written 2 centuries before birth of buddha.
Ayurveda (whole body system of medicine) - Answers - natural system of medicine
- disease: imbalance of one's consciousness
- lifestyle interventions and natural therapies to restore balance
Primary basis of Ayurveda medicine - Answers - universal interconnections
Types of surgery - Answers - Fractures
- Rhinoplasty, ear, throat surgery: urinary, fistula, tumors, etc
- Eye surgery
- Combat wounds
- Surgery relating to female reproduction (C-Sections, abortion)
- Dental surgery, dental bridgework
Known Surgeons - Answers - Erasistratus (3rd c BCE, Alexandra): competent surgeon, especially
abdominal
- Philoxenus (fl. 75-70 BCE): expert for tumors
- Ammonius (3rd c BCE, Alexandria): Method for crushing bladder stones:
Attitudes towards surgery - Answers Evidence for surgery is very fragmentary; most of our evidence
comes from Alexandria where surgery flourished
Surgery: Highlights over time - Answers _- Emphasis on speed
- Robert Liston (19th c Surgeon): removed bladder stone in 2 minutes
- William Cheselden (18th c Surgeon): removed bladder stone in 1 minute
- Surgeons of Liston's time: "SPEEDY" leg amputation + 1 testicle + 2 assistant's fingers
Speed limits the quality of surgery
Limitations of Surgery - Answers 1. Lack of power antiseptics (chemical agents that prevent infection)
2. Sepsis - serious condition in which the body responds improperly to infection
Types of Anesthesia - Answers Physical
inhalation/ingestion
Psychological
Physical Anesthesia - Answers - knock out method
- compression of jugular veins
- aritifcal bleeding
Pyschological Anesthesia - Answers - Hypnotism
- Meditations
Inhalation/ingestion - Answers - Advantage: easily adjusted if administered too much
Poppy - Answers - best and longest known, most useful
- crushed and liquid extracted: slit capsule, let juice exude, dry, scrape off, roll into ball
- small dose=stimulant, large dose = induces sleep
- Diagoras and Erasistrauts: Dangers of opium dosage
Hyoscymus (medicinal plant) - Answers - species of wild poppy
- ancient Indian medicine: anesthetic used for c-sections
Hemlock - Answers - local anesthetic
- Internal: affects motor and sensory centers
- death of socrates
Garlic and onions - Answers - small dose: stimulant, large dose; sedative
- Diodorus Siculus: For slaves building pyram,ids, forbidden to priests of Isis
- for roman soldiers before a fight (gave them strength)
Persian medicine broken down into 3 periods - Answers - Indo-European Period (knife - warriors,
herbs - sheperds/farmers, mantras - priests
- Imperial period
- Islamic period
Religion and culture of Ancient Persia - Answers - several religions
- zoroastrianism (main religion)
- blending of religious traditions
- pollution - constant threat (river washing -> impacted medical practices
Cosmology - Ancient Persia (Zoroastrianism) - Answers - good vs evil
- Ahura Mazda (wise lord) vs Angra Mainyu (hostile spirit)
- good = upholding cosmic order and community cohesion
- bad = destruction of cosmic order and community cohesion
- no cooperation between gods
- believed the cosmos is made up of two parts (this world and other world)
, Cosmology and Medicine (ancient persia) (ahura mazda) - Answers - ahura mazda gave power to
Kings, so that human Kings can maintain order through the power given
- Ahura mazda's role is to maintain cosmic order and community cohesion
Accessing power and order of the cosmis: - Answers - magical practices
- focus on dream interpretation, divination, and soul travel
Rituals to control evil - Answers - apotropaic (wards off evil)
- Exorcistic (remove demonic spirits from sick patient)
- "oral rite" - incantations to get entire healing process started
Zoroastrianism is the struggle between ... - Answers Good and evil
Zoroastrianism doesn't view illness.... - Answers as messages from the gods, rather understood
health and illness comes from ahura mazda and agra mainyu
Disease (ancient persia) - Answers attempt to destroy cosmic order and community cohesion
- illness needs body to survive
Healing (ancient persia) - Answers - healing plant of ahura mazda: ingested or smeared
- divine help + physical rite + charged substance
Restoring health (anceint persia) - Answers - disease = demonic possession
- healers uses therapies based on "priestly" power (direct commands for demons and illness to leave
- light - therapeutic property to restore health
- spells and rituals = obedience of the patient
Deity and priests - Answers - spiritual source of healing
- earthly source of healing
Priests-physicians - Answers - medical centers for training priests: Ray, Hamadan, Persepolis
- training -> theory of medicine + apprenticships
- 3 types of healers
(healers with holiness, healers of the law, healer with the knife)
Healing Deities (ancient persia) - Answers - ahura mazda
- airyaman
- anahita
- Azi Dahaka
- Fravashis
Ahura Mazda - Answers -supreme god
- the healer
Airyaman - Answers - harmonic union; friendship
- healer of 99,999 diseases; taught humans purification rituals
- syncretized with jesus christ
Anahita - Answers - divine water, wisdom, fertility, healing
-predated zoroastrianism
-equated with Istar, Artemis
Azi Dahaka - Answers - son of hostile spirits
- only causes harm
- associated with snakes and venom
Fravashis - Answers - protective spirits
- protects midwives for the cosmos and humans
- concepts of airyaman
3 major divisions of Ancient medicine - Answers 1. Regimen (lifestyle changes)
2. Pharmacology
3. surgery
Rudra (ancient Indian Medicine) - Answers - deity known for shooting arrows causing pain
Takman (ancient Indian medicine) - Answers - fire demon and evil spirit
Mountain plant Kushtha for fevers. - Answers
Sushruta Samhita - Answers - ancient medical text written by Sushruta - ancient Indian author
- contains the origins of ayurveda (science of life)
- written 2 centuries before birth of buddha.
Ayurveda (whole body system of medicine) - Answers - natural system of medicine
- disease: imbalance of one's consciousness
- lifestyle interventions and natural therapies to restore balance
Primary basis of Ayurveda medicine - Answers - universal interconnections
