NSG 3280 - EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

NSG 3280 - EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Cell's control center - Answers Nucleus Produces energy for cells to use by breaking down substances during oxidative metabolism. - Answers Mitochodrion Collects packages, and distributes molecules made in the cell. - Answers Golgi complex Tiny protein producing factories. Proteins produce chemical messages that run a cell. - Answers Ribosome Storage area from fast a and other substances - Answers Vacuole Vesicle that contains enzymes that carry out particular reactions such as detoxifying potentially harmful molecules. - Answers Peroxisome Tiny organs that help the cell divide. - Answers Centriole Made up of a double layer of fatty material. It allows some materials to pass into and out the cell at thousands of places across the surface. It allows foods to pass into and into the cell and waste to pass out of the cell. - Answers Cell membrane Jelly-like fluid between cell membrane and the nucleus. Where all the organelles are found. - Answers Cytoplasm Where digestion of cell nutrients takes place. - Answers Lysosome Smooth and rough tubes that move and store materials made by the cell. - Answers Endoplasmic reticulum Contains coded information that passes on every single inherited characteristic. - Answers DNA Framework is based on the "classic" or common presentation of disease in the physiologic functioning of human beings. - Answers Pathophysiology The cause or reason (risk factor) for a particular issue. - Answers Etiology A factor that will increase the chance of disease (e.g., obesity) - Answers Risk factors How a disease develops is called - Answers pathogenesis _______ are what you see (objective - such as BP, HR, RR). - Answers Signs ___________ are what the patient says they are feeling and is not normal for them (i.e., patient c/o pain or increased coughing spells). - Answers Symptoms The cause of the signs and symptoms is known as _________. - Answers Syndrome The time from exposure to first signs and symptoms (A.K.A. the incubation period). - Answers Latent period The time when signs/symptoms first appear indicating the onset of the disease process. - Answers Prodromal period The disease reaches the peak/full intensity - you are feeling really sick. - Answers Acute phase The disease process is well established, and you are living with it/able to function. - Answers Subclinical stage Short-lived; can have severe S/S; example: having a cold/flu - Answers Acute clinical course Anything greater than 6 months that continues to persist; can follow an acute issue; example: having COPD. - Answers Chronic clinical course Sudden increase in severity of S/S - Answers Exacerbation Decreased S/S, may indicate the disease as been cured - Answers Remission Recovery stage after disease process, injury, or surgery - Answers Convalescence Subsequent pathological condition that resulted from an illness (i.e., a person who has a stroke and does not fully recover). - Answers Sequela The study of patterns of disease within a population. - Answers Epidemiology Local or native to a specific region - Answers Endemic Spread to many people at the same time - Answers Epidemic Spread across a large geographical area (country/world/global) - Answers Pandemic Factors that affect patterns of disease include: - Answers Ethnicity, age, gender, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and geographic location This level of prevention consists of altering susceptibility or reducing exposure. - Answers Primary This level of prevention consists of early detection, screening, and management of disease. - Answers Secondary This level of prevention consists of rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning. - Answers Tertiary Examples of this level of prevention include vaccines, diet/exercise, and education. - Answers Primary Examples of this level of prevention includes colonoscopy, mammograms, and testicular exams. - Answers Secondary Examples of this level of prevention includes pulmonary or cardiac rehabilitation. - Answers Tertiary Which of the following is an example of primary prevention? A. Maintaining routine immunizations B. Screening for cancer C. Rehabilitating after a stroke D. Performing monthly breast examinations - Answers A An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low=calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of: A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention D. Disease treatment - Answers A A state in which body systems are in balance; equilibrium or an idea set point; keeping a stable state. - Answers Homeostasis A complex process controlled by the brain that will re-establish homeostasis in response to lifestyle/environmental change; successfully adapting to change. - Answers Allostasis Agents or conditions that produce stress and disrupt homeostasis. - Answers Stressors Perceived inability to cope with a stressor. - Answers Distress A physical and mental state produced by tension. Can be physical, chemical, or emotional. Can be direct (conscious) or indirect (unconscious) - Answers Stress Biopsychosocial process of change in response to a new or altered circumstance. - Answers Adaptation Behavioral adaptive response to a new or altered circumstance - Answers Coping The General Adaptation Syndrome theory consists of three stages ..... - Answers Alarm, Resistance/Adaptation, and Exhaustion Enhances myocardial contractility - increased HR and cardiac output. Causes bronchodilation for better oxygenation. Increases the release of glucose from the liver (glycogenolysis) and elevates blood glucose levels. A.K.A. Adrenaline - Answers Epinephrine Constricts blood vessels - raises BP and regulates flow to organs. Reduces gastric secretions, inhibits insulin secretion. increases night and far vision (pupil dilation). A.K.A. Nor-adrenaline - Answers Norepinephrine Steroids that: - Maintain homeostasis - May work with/help or work against catecholamines - From the adrenal cortex (AC - Cortisol and Aldosterone) - Answers Adrenocortical Steroids - Primary glucocorticoid - Affects protein metabolism - Promotes appetite - Has anti-inflammatory effects - Too much of this over time can lead to pro-inflammatory effects - Answers Cortisol - Primary mineralocorticoid - Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water - Increases BP - Answers Aldosterone This hormone: - increases during stress to enhance immune function. - A.K.A. Somatotropin - Answers Growth hormone This hormone: - Similar to the structure of growth hormone - Has a role in the immune response - Answers Prolactin This hormone: - Produces during childbirth/lactation - Associated with bonding and social attachment - Thought to moderate stress response and produce a calming effect - Answers Oxytocin - A shield around the cell - Transports nutrients/waste - Generates membrane potentials - communication & regulation - Answers Plasma membrane - Highly impermeable to most molecules -3 types of membrane: cholesterol, phospholipid, and glycolipid - Answers Lipid Bilayer - Maintains cell shape - Allows cell movement - Directs trafficking of substances within the cell - Answers Cytoskeleton - Largest cytoplasmic organelle - Contains genetic information (DNA) of cell - An extended part of the nucleus is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Answers Nucleus - Stack of smooth membrane-bound components (cisternae) - Receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and will sort them and package them into vesicles to go to their appropriate destination (lysosome, plasma membrane, or secretion out of the cell). - Answers Golgi Apparatus - Membrane-bound bags of digestive enzymes - breakdown the proteins to reuse - Answers Lysosomes - Membrane-bound bags of enzymes that perform degradative functions - metabolize and detoxify fatty acids (hydrogen peroxide is toxic substance to cell but breakdown into H20/O2) - Answers Peroxisomes - Convert energy to forms that can be used to drive cellular reactions (BREAKING DOWN SUGAR FOR ENERGY) - Powerhouses of the cell - Has a role in programmed cell death: apoptosis - Answers Mitochondria The process of your cells breaking down macromolecules (glucose) to produce ATP (energy). - Glycolysis - The Krebs Cycle (citric acid) - The electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation) - Answers Cellular respiration - The cell's energy currency - Cannot cross the plasma membrane - Continuously being synthesized - Made in the mitochondria - Answers ATP ____________ stores (primarily in the liver and muscle) happen after a meal with excess glucose that is enough to supply 1 day of energy needs. - Answers Glycogen During starvation, the body uses proteins for energy; also known as ....... - Answers Gluconeogenesis 2 types of respiration that depend on oxygen ..... - Answers Aerobic and Anaerobic This type of respiration: - Requires oxygen - Occurs in mitochondria - Uses a lot of ATP - Utilizes the Krebs cycle & electron transport chain - Answers Aerobic This type of respiration: - No oxygen - Occurs in the cytoplasm - Few ATP needed - Utilizes glycolysis and fermentation - Answers Anaerobic 4 steps of cellular respiration ..... - Answers Glycolysis, conversion, krebs cycle, electron transport chain The breakdown of glucose to produce energy inside the cell; breakdown will consist of 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP & 2 NADH. - Answers Glycolysis Happens in the mitochondria (aerobic) right after glycolysis and conversion sing the 2 oxygenated pyruvate from glycolysis. - Answers Krebs cycle/ electron transport chain Conversion from glycolysis to Krebs cycle results in ..... - Answers 2 NADH Cellular ingestion of extracellular molecules: - Answers Endocytosis Two types of endocytosis include: - Answers Pinocytosis & Phagocytosis The ingestion of fluids and small molecules - Answers Pinocytosis The ingestion of large molecules - Answers Phagocytosis - Cellular secretion - Opposite of endocytosis - Mast cells secrete histamine - Insulin in the beta cells of the pancreas - Answers Exocytosis 1. Attachment of the phagocyte to the pathogen. 2. Ingestion of the pathogen. 3. Formation of phagosome. 4. Formation of phagolysosome. 5. Destruction of pathogen and formation of residual body. 6. Elimination of waste materials. - Answers Phagocytosis - Movement across the membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration. - Molecules pass through the molecules freely - Answers Simple diffusion - Movement from high concentration to low concentration - Needs to be a carrier/channel to cross the membrane - Answers Facilitated diffusion These channels respond to a change in membrane potential - Answers Voltage-gated These channels respond to the binding of a signaling molecule (a hormone or neurotransmitter) to a receptor on the cell surface - Answers Ligand-gated These channels respond to mechanical deformation (respond to pressure/stretching/deformity) - Answers Mechanically gated Some channels open without apparent stimulation and are referred to as ...... - Answers leak channels These channels are responsible for the development of membrane potentials and are of vital importance in nerve and muscle function. - Answers Ion channels Serves to maintain low sodium and high potassium concentration INSIDE the cell. - Answers Sodium - Potassium pump The Na+/K+ transporter will pump the ions ___________ the gradient (this requires ATP). - Answers against - Basic explanation - when a cell in injured, it is not able to perform basic metabolic functions (i.e., not enough ATP). Na+/K+ pump malfunctions b/c not enough ATP therefore Na+ builds up within the cell and creates an osmotic gradient. Water enters the cell (water follows salt) - and edema is manifested. - Cellular swelling because of accumulation of water - First manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury - Results from malfunction of Na+/K+ pump with accumulation of sodium ions within the cell - water follows salt - Characteristics include: large, pale cytoplasm; dilated endoplasmic reticulum; swollen mitochondria - Answers Hydropic swelling "Hippo" - the cell is full of water, making it fat like a hippo. - Answers Hypotonic "I-so-perfect" - there is equal amounts of solutes and water inside and outside of the cell. - Answers Isotonic Water has left the cell resulting in "skinny" cell. - Answers Hypertonic This liver disease has an accumulation of fat (LDL) which the liver cells (hepatocytes) normally break down. - Answers Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Decreased cell size a.k.a....... - Answers Atrophy Increased cell size a.k.a...... - Answers Hypertrophy Increased cell number a.k.a..... - Answers Hyperplasia Conversion of one cell type to another a.k.a..... - Answers Metaplasia Disorderly growth of cells a.k.a...... - Answers Dysplasia General causes of this type of cellular adaptation includes: - disuse (don't use it, you lose it) - denervation (lack of nerve signals to muscles = ALS or peripheral neuropathy) - ischemia - nutrient starvation - interruption of endocrine signals - persistent cell injury - Answers Atrophy General cause of this type of cellular adaptation includes: - Increased cellular protein content Can be seen in: - liver enlargement - liver is not getting rid of toxins - cardiac muscle - in response to chronic high BP - Answers Hypertrophy General causes of this type of cellular adaptation includes: - usually in response to increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation - persistent cell injury, chronic irritation of epithelial cells - Answers Hyperplasia General causes of this type of cellular adaptation includes: - adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of a cell type that is better suited to tolerate injurious stimulation - seen with smoking - chronic irritation of bronchial mucosa leads to ciliated columnar cells changing to stratified squamous cells - Answers Metaplasia General causes of this type of cellular adaptation includes: - persistent irritation to the tissues causes the cells to change - Answers Dysplasia - Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemic or toxic injury - Is characterized by cell rupture, spilling of contents into the extracellular fluid, and inflammation - Answers Necrosis - Occurs in response to injury that does not directly kill the cell - Triggers intracellular cascades - Activates a cellular suicide response - Does not cause inflammation - Large number of cells are continuously undergoing programmed cell death as tissues remodel - Answers Apoptosis Indicators of _______ _______ includes: