PSYCH 3331 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Depression and Mania - Answers Two key moods involved in mood disorders
Depression - Answers Usually involves feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection, more often a
general term.
Mania - Answers Often characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria.
90% - Answers ____% of people with manic episodes go on to have depressive episodes
Unipolar Disorder - Answers Disorder marked by symptoms of depression
Bipolar Disorder - Answers Disorder marked by both manic and depressive symptoms
Depressive Episode - Answers A person is markedly depressed or loses interest in formerly
pleasurable activities (or both) for at least 2 weeks, as well as other symptoms such as changes in
sleep or appetite, or feelings of worthlessness
Manic Episode - Answers A distinct period of persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and
persistently increased activity and energy lasting at least one week.
Depressive Disorders - Answers Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder,
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Bipolar Disorders - Answers Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II disorder
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder - Answers A childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent
temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood. Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder,
ADHD patients?
Major Depressive Disorder - Answers Severe mood disorder in which a person experiences only major
depressive episodes, but no manic or mixed episodes.
Persistent Depressive Disorder - Answers A disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood
for most of the day, more days than not, for at least two years. Periods of normal mood may occur
briefly, but usually only last for a few days or weeks.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - Answers A disorder among women where certain depressive
symptoms occur in the week before the majority of menstrual cycles for at least one year.
DSM-4 Bereavement Restriction - Answers People could not get a true depression diagnosis after
death of a loved one until symptoms persisted for at least two months.
True - Answers True or False: In DSM-5, there is no bereavement restriction.
Emotional Symptoms of Depression - Answers Sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, inability to
enjoy
Motivational Symptoms of Depression - Answers Loss of interest, lack of drive, difficulty starting
anything
Behavioral Symptoms of Depression - Answers Less active, less productive
Cognitive Symptoms of Depression - Answers Pessimism, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts
Physical Symptoms of Depression - Answers Appetite changes, sleep problems, fatigue, aches and
pains
Specifiers - Answers Different patters of symptoms that help better understand more about the
specific disorder and the best treatment options.
Depression with Melancholic Features - Answers When a patient meets criteria for a major
depressive episode, and also has lost interest or pleasure in almost all activities or does not react to
pleasurable stimuli or desired events. Some evidence suggests that patients with this specifier posses
a biological difference.
Depression with Anxious Distress - Answers When a patient meets criteria for a major depressive
episode, and also has prominent generalized anxiety symptoms.
Depression with Mixed Features - Answers When a patient meets criteria for a major depressive
episode, and also has manic symptoms most days without meeting criteria for Bipolar Disorder.
Depression with Atypical Features - Answers Almost 50% of patients- When a patient meets the
criteria for a major depressive episode, and also includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by
mood reactivity (heightened mood in response to positive events)
Depression with Psychotic Features - Answers Incongruent or congruent- Patient meets the criteria
for a major depressive episode, and also has symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions.
Mood Incongruent - Answers Implies that the symptoms conflict with the person's current mood (ex:
laughing when dog dies)
Mood Congruent - Answers Implies that symptoms are in agreement with the person's current mood
(ex: feeling suicidal when dog dies)
, Depression with Seasonal Pattern - Answers Patient has had at least two episodes of depression in
the past two years occurring at the same time of the year (most often fall and winter), and full
remission must have occurred at the same time of the year (most often spring and summer)
Depression with Peripartum Onset - Answers A major depression that occurs in the last month of
pregnancy or the first couple of months after birth
18% - Answers Lifetime prevalence of depression ages 18+
16 Weeks - Answers Mean duration of a depressive episode
Treatment, more likely to get fired, more likely to go to the ER - Answers Why are the costs of
depression so high?
23% - Answers Actuarial estimate of lifetime depression prevalence.
True - Answers True or False: The more recently you were born, the higher risk you have for
developing depressive symptoms.
1.5:1 - Answers Depression ratio of women to men
False - Answers True or False: There are generally racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of
depression.
Amish - Answers This social group has the lowest rates of depression.
People with less than a high school diploma, people below the poverty level, people who were never
married or are not in a stable marriage. - Answers Groups at elevated risk for depression.
Childhood - Answers Depression in this life stage is more likely to leave psychological and social scars,
and most likely to have recurrences.
True - Answers True or False: Depressed parents increase the risk for depressed children.
about 40% - Answers Comorbidity rate of depression and anxiety
18% - Answers Comorbidity rate of depression and substance abuse disorders
2% - Answers Risk of death per year for someone with depression
Genetic Theory of Depression - Answers Heritability estimate is around 40% (moderate)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) - Answers Antidepressant effective in treating depression,
acts upon norepinephrine and serotonin. Definitely has efficacy, but can be extremely dangerous if
eaten with certain foods, so they are not prescribed often
Monoamine Theory - Answers Depression is sometimes due to an absolute or relative depletion of
either norepinephrine, serotonin, or both. (Dopamine may also be involved) Could have abnormal
sensitivity or number of receptors
Kindling Sensitization Model - Answers Neurotransmitter systems become more dysregulated with
repeated depressive episodes. If you have a brain vulnerable to depression, each episode increases
vulnerability.
Cortisol (stress hormone) - Answers High __________ levels are associated with depression.
Neuroendocrine Theory - Answers Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis: Hypothalamus signals the
pituitary to secrete ACTH to control adrenal glands, which secrete cortisol.
Dexamethasone Suppression Test - Answers Abnormal test result= dexamethasone fails to suppress
cortisol, and shows hyper secretion of cortisol. Not specific to depression, but common in depression.
Used to diagnose Cushing's disease. Abnormal test result in about 50% of people with melancholic
depression.
Dexamethasone - Answers Synthetic steroid that suppresses ACTH and therefore, cortisol.
Cushing's Disease - Answers Serious condition caused by excess cortisol in the bloodstream.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - Answers Hormone made in the pituitary gland needed for
your adrenal glands to work properly and help your body react to stress. Also stimulates the release
of cortisol.
Amygdala (limbic sytem) - Answers Depression is associated with decreased activity in the
____________.
Light Exposure Therapy - Answers Treatment for seasonal depression, common among those that live
in a place with limited natural light.
CBT for Sleep Dysregulation - Answers Only allowed in bed while sleeping, patient gets very tired,
gradually increases amount of sleep.
Behavioral Perspective of Depression - Answers More negative life events increase risk for depressive
symptoms.
Lewinsohn's Behavioral Theory of Depression - Answers Stressor leads to reduction in reinforcers,
person withdraws, reinforcers further reduced, more withdrawal and depression
Depression and Mania - Answers Two key moods involved in mood disorders
Depression - Answers Usually involves feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection, more often a
general term.
Mania - Answers Often characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria.
90% - Answers ____% of people with manic episodes go on to have depressive episodes
Unipolar Disorder - Answers Disorder marked by symptoms of depression
Bipolar Disorder - Answers Disorder marked by both manic and depressive symptoms
Depressive Episode - Answers A person is markedly depressed or loses interest in formerly
pleasurable activities (or both) for at least 2 weeks, as well as other symptoms such as changes in
sleep or appetite, or feelings of worthlessness
Manic Episode - Answers A distinct period of persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and
persistently increased activity and energy lasting at least one week.
Depressive Disorders - Answers Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder,
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Bipolar Disorders - Answers Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II disorder
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder - Answers A childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent
temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood. Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder,
ADHD patients?
Major Depressive Disorder - Answers Severe mood disorder in which a person experiences only major
depressive episodes, but no manic or mixed episodes.
Persistent Depressive Disorder - Answers A disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood
for most of the day, more days than not, for at least two years. Periods of normal mood may occur
briefly, but usually only last for a few days or weeks.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - Answers A disorder among women where certain depressive
symptoms occur in the week before the majority of menstrual cycles for at least one year.
DSM-4 Bereavement Restriction - Answers People could not get a true depression diagnosis after
death of a loved one until symptoms persisted for at least two months.
True - Answers True or False: In DSM-5, there is no bereavement restriction.
Emotional Symptoms of Depression - Answers Sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, inability to
enjoy
Motivational Symptoms of Depression - Answers Loss of interest, lack of drive, difficulty starting
anything
Behavioral Symptoms of Depression - Answers Less active, less productive
Cognitive Symptoms of Depression - Answers Pessimism, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts
Physical Symptoms of Depression - Answers Appetite changes, sleep problems, fatigue, aches and
pains
Specifiers - Answers Different patters of symptoms that help better understand more about the
specific disorder and the best treatment options.
Depression with Melancholic Features - Answers When a patient meets criteria for a major
depressive episode, and also has lost interest or pleasure in almost all activities or does not react to
pleasurable stimuli or desired events. Some evidence suggests that patients with this specifier posses
a biological difference.
Depression with Anxious Distress - Answers When a patient meets criteria for a major depressive
episode, and also has prominent generalized anxiety symptoms.
Depression with Mixed Features - Answers When a patient meets criteria for a major depressive
episode, and also has manic symptoms most days without meeting criteria for Bipolar Disorder.
Depression with Atypical Features - Answers Almost 50% of patients- When a patient meets the
criteria for a major depressive episode, and also includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by
mood reactivity (heightened mood in response to positive events)
Depression with Psychotic Features - Answers Incongruent or congruent- Patient meets the criteria
for a major depressive episode, and also has symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions.
Mood Incongruent - Answers Implies that the symptoms conflict with the person's current mood (ex:
laughing when dog dies)
Mood Congruent - Answers Implies that symptoms are in agreement with the person's current mood
(ex: feeling suicidal when dog dies)
, Depression with Seasonal Pattern - Answers Patient has had at least two episodes of depression in
the past two years occurring at the same time of the year (most often fall and winter), and full
remission must have occurred at the same time of the year (most often spring and summer)
Depression with Peripartum Onset - Answers A major depression that occurs in the last month of
pregnancy or the first couple of months after birth
18% - Answers Lifetime prevalence of depression ages 18+
16 Weeks - Answers Mean duration of a depressive episode
Treatment, more likely to get fired, more likely to go to the ER - Answers Why are the costs of
depression so high?
23% - Answers Actuarial estimate of lifetime depression prevalence.
True - Answers True or False: The more recently you were born, the higher risk you have for
developing depressive symptoms.
1.5:1 - Answers Depression ratio of women to men
False - Answers True or False: There are generally racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of
depression.
Amish - Answers This social group has the lowest rates of depression.
People with less than a high school diploma, people below the poverty level, people who were never
married or are not in a stable marriage. - Answers Groups at elevated risk for depression.
Childhood - Answers Depression in this life stage is more likely to leave psychological and social scars,
and most likely to have recurrences.
True - Answers True or False: Depressed parents increase the risk for depressed children.
about 40% - Answers Comorbidity rate of depression and anxiety
18% - Answers Comorbidity rate of depression and substance abuse disorders
2% - Answers Risk of death per year for someone with depression
Genetic Theory of Depression - Answers Heritability estimate is around 40% (moderate)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) - Answers Antidepressant effective in treating depression,
acts upon norepinephrine and serotonin. Definitely has efficacy, but can be extremely dangerous if
eaten with certain foods, so they are not prescribed often
Monoamine Theory - Answers Depression is sometimes due to an absolute or relative depletion of
either norepinephrine, serotonin, or both. (Dopamine may also be involved) Could have abnormal
sensitivity or number of receptors
Kindling Sensitization Model - Answers Neurotransmitter systems become more dysregulated with
repeated depressive episodes. If you have a brain vulnerable to depression, each episode increases
vulnerability.
Cortisol (stress hormone) - Answers High __________ levels are associated with depression.
Neuroendocrine Theory - Answers Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis: Hypothalamus signals the
pituitary to secrete ACTH to control adrenal glands, which secrete cortisol.
Dexamethasone Suppression Test - Answers Abnormal test result= dexamethasone fails to suppress
cortisol, and shows hyper secretion of cortisol. Not specific to depression, but common in depression.
Used to diagnose Cushing's disease. Abnormal test result in about 50% of people with melancholic
depression.
Dexamethasone - Answers Synthetic steroid that suppresses ACTH and therefore, cortisol.
Cushing's Disease - Answers Serious condition caused by excess cortisol in the bloodstream.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - Answers Hormone made in the pituitary gland needed for
your adrenal glands to work properly and help your body react to stress. Also stimulates the release
of cortisol.
Amygdala (limbic sytem) - Answers Depression is associated with decreased activity in the
____________.
Light Exposure Therapy - Answers Treatment for seasonal depression, common among those that live
in a place with limited natural light.
CBT for Sleep Dysregulation - Answers Only allowed in bed while sleeping, patient gets very tired,
gradually increases amount of sleep.
Behavioral Perspective of Depression - Answers More negative life events increase risk for depressive
symptoms.
Lewinsohn's Behavioral Theory of Depression - Answers Stressor leads to reduction in reinforcers,
person withdraws, reinforcers further reduced, more withdrawal and depression
