ABNORMAL PSYCH 3331 EXAM 1 - OSU QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

ABNORMAL PSYCH 3331 EXAM 1 - OSU QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 principles of abnormality - Answers -subjective distress -deviance -danger -maladaptiveness -violation of standards of society -social discomfort -irrationality and unpredictability Subjective distress - Answers principle of abnormality: extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain Statistics, deviance - Answers principle of abnormality: being different from the norm danger - Answers principle of abnormality: being a danger to oneself or others ex. cutting, suicide maladaptiveness - Answers principle of abnormality: interferes with well being and ability to enjoy things violation of standards of society - Answers principle of abnormality: breaking social rules/norms ex. an amish person driving a car or watching television social discomfort - Answers principle of abnormality: making other people around you uncomfortable ex. someone being in your personal space too much irrationality and unpredictability - Answers principle of abnormality: behaviors that do not make sense to others Depends on whether a person can control it ex. expecting a certain reaction to something like a surprise or good news DSM-5 - Answers Classification system -400 disorders -describes symptoms, guidelines for diagnoses -describes features related to the disorder -background information -indicates how disorder can be distinguished from similar probs Diagnosing benefits - Answers -common language for clinicians and researchers -knowledge is structured and organized -information for research and treatment Diagnosing disadvantage - Answers -negative stereotypes/stigma -stigma= obstacle to treatment Person first language - Answers -using person instead of disorder first -I.e. "a person with depression" NOT "a depressed person" Early spiritual views of abnormal behavior - Answers abnormal behavior is the work of evil spirits treatment: -trephination: cutting holes in skull to let spirits out -exorcism: performed by a priest Early medical views of abnormal psych: Hippocrates - Answers He was an outlier who believed abnormal behavior had natural causes -four humors: sanguis (blood), phlegm, choler (bile), melancholic (black bile) Early medical views of abnormal psych: Greeks and romans - Answers -Galen took scientific approach: mental or physical causes (head injury, alcohol, fear) Mental illness middle age - Answers Europe vs. Middle East returned to demonological views -mass madness -dancing manias (uncontrollable jumping, dancing, convulsing) -lycanthropy (posed by wolves belief) Start of humanitarian approach - Answers Scientific questioning -Johann Weber (blind treatment), specialist in mental disorders -asylums: st, Mary Bethlem (Bedlam) = bad treatment, dirty, used for entertainment Humanitarian REFORM - Answers Three keep peeps 1. Philippe Pinel- pushed for unchaining people and promotion of kindness -la Bicêtre (Paris asylum) 2. William Tuke- English Quaker, created York Retreat for religious patients to be treated 3. Dorothea Dix- prominent reformer helped people get treated in kind environment and created mental hospitals 20th century - Answers -mental hospitals grew and got overcrowded -deinstitutionalization: creation of new medicines created push to get patients out into community mental health centers (instead of isolated mental hospitals) - 1950 to 1990 = 500,000 to 100,000 mental hospitals, but now people are living in the streets Development toward contemporary views - Answers -Biological discoveries: -somatogenic perspective: mental illness linked it biological or physical ongoings °link between paresis and syphilis °brain pathology: recognized role of brain= lobotomies (ice pick into eye socket to sever neurons) -classification °Emil Kraepelin: classified by symptoms (start of DSM) -psychological basis of mental dirsorders: °psychogenic perspective: mental illness is caused by psychological ongoings °Mesmerism (Franz Anton Mesmer believed planets affected magnetic fluid in body and used hypnosis as treatment) °Nancy school- physicians interested in hypnosis, believed it's related to hysteria -Jean Charcot- believed hysteria was due to psychological causes °Psychoanalysis: freud (Charcot's student): created idea of unconscious and had people talk openly what is a model - Answers -shared assumptions and concepts, help scientists explain/interpret data -agreement about abnormal behavior causes and how top study it correlate - Answers X is associated with Y -positive -negative -zero risk factor - Answers an attribute, experience, or characteristic that may put a patient at risk for/more likely to develop a disorder -x precedes y ex. early childhood trauma is risk factor for depression later on in life concomitant/ consequence - Answers -x does not precede y ex: does death precede depression fixed marker - Answers A risk factor that cannot change within a person (e.g., race cannot vary within a person, and white race is a marker of increased risk of suicide death). variable risk factor - Answers A risk factor that can change within a person (e.g., level of depression can vary within a person). variable marker - Answers A variable risk factor that, when changed, doesn't influence the outcome of interest (i.e., it can vary, but it is still a marker of increased risk for the outcome of interest) causal risk factor - Answers a variable risk factor that, when changed, changes the likelihood of the outcome of interest bidirectional relationships - Answers two variables that directly effect each other and usually create a viscous cycle of the variables increasing or decreasing (don't know which comes first) ex. depressed = more likely socially withdraw; more withdrawn = more likely to be/stay depressed diathesis - Answers vulnerability toward a disorder diatheses-stress model - Answers theory that attempts to explain behavior as a predisposed vulnerability, expressed when subjected to stress from life experiences -can be biologically, psychologically or culturally predisposed ex. have family with depression, more vulnerable to develop depression ex. have neurotic personality, more vulnerable to anxiety ex. have cultural beliefs that lead me to feel more shame, more vulnerable to disorders like BDD biological model - Answers model of abnormality: mental illness is caused by malfunctioning in genetic and biochemical processes (all in the brain, genetic expression) problems with: -brain structures -neurons ex. autism, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, type 1 diabetes neurons and neurotransmitters - Answers -100 billion neurons in the brain -thousands of billions of glia support cells -electrical impulses communicate info through neurotransmitters action potential - Answers - positive ions flow into cell and create positive charge (action potential) this released neurotransmitters into gap and if enough flow into it, message is transmitted synaptic transmission - Answers -electrical impulse reaches neuron's end -stimulates axon vesicle release of neurotransmitter -travels across synapse -dendrite receptor site detects neurotransmitter synaptic gap - Answers space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the receptors of the next neuron seratonin - Answers info processing, learning, implicated in mood/ anxiety disorders Norepinephrine - Answers emergency reactions under stress dopamine - Answers pleasure/ pain; implicated in schizophrenia Gaba - Answers reducing anxiety (inhibitory) glutamate - Answers excitatory (problem solving/executive control) HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis - Answers sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands -important to stress (cortisol) fight or fligh genetic vulnerability - Answers An increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person's genetic make-up -often polygenic Gene-Environment correlation - Answers our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed -passive effect -evocative effect -active effect behavioral genetics - Answers -studies inheritability through family history, twin studies, adoption studies -linkage studies: location on chromosome for genes of certain physical characteristics -association studies- compare frequency of certain genetic markers knows to be assoc. with people who have disorder versus without disorder biological difference doesn't equal disorder knowing it runs in families doesn't guarantee genetic strong genetic effects, doesn't mean enviro isn't important psychological perspectives - Answers psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic/existential, sociocultural psychodynamic model - Answers freud's theory that behavior is determined by unconscious -deterministic- no behavior is accidental, always a why behavioral model - Answers arose as reaction to unscientific methods of psychoanalysis -objective measures Freud's topographical model - Answers Id: unconscious = instinct, drives, impulses (pleasure) ego: conscious= defend against unacceptable impulses, reality principle Superego: Conscience= rules and norms (guilt/ morals) cognitive model - Answers model of abnormality: changing what you think will change how you feel -we engage in automatic thoughts based on cognitive distortions -schemas: the ways we organize our thoughts and associations within a certain topic ex. "i'm never going to finish this paper" classical conditioning - Answers a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus, eventually the neutral stimulus causes a response in anticipation of the association (unconscious reaction) ex. pavlov dog study, bell became associated with food and the dogs drooled hearing it cognitive distortions - Answers 1. all-or-nothing thinking 2. overgeneralizing 3. discounting the positive all-or-nothing thinking - Answers cognitive distortion: -black and white thinking -either you know everything or you know absolutely nothing at all overgeneralizing - Answers cognitive distortion: -one negative feedback colors everything about a situation -thinking you're totally worthless because of one bad test grade discounting the positive - Answers cognitive distortion: -focusing only on negative aspects of a situation -lots of positive feedback on a paper but one negative comment is eating away at you operant conditioning - Answers when the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that they repeat the behavior (intentional behavior) ex. child loses TV time for throwing temper tantrum, they are less likely to throw a temper tantrum again (negative punishment) cognitive-behavioral model - Answers model of abnormality: merging of both cognitive and behavioral perspectives humanist-existential model - Answers model of abnormality: we all possess human nature that drives us to reach self actualization -we must face up to our existence and find meaning -held back by unconditional self-regard unconditional self-regard - Answers not feeling we have the ability to reach our full potential, or not being kind enough to ourselves -starts early in life due to receiving negativity and applying it to ourselves -lack of unconditional positive regard unconditional positive regard - Answers your right to be given unconditional love and positive reinforcement (at least as a child) no matter what socio-cultural model - Answers model of abnormality: the nature of the environment you are immersed in can produce abnormal functioning -dysfunctional family -neglect -extreme cultural beliefs -labels imposed by society that "stick" ex. family label of being "crazy" may cause you to act out based on this label you've been given enmeshed - Answers family where you are on top of each other and in each other's business disengaged - Answers family where you are all very distant from each other family-social theorists - Answers theorists who believe that your family and society are what produce abnormal functioning treatment varies -CBT -psychodynamic multicultural theorists - Answers theorists who believe that behavior in general is best understood when examined in light of cultural context treatment specialized on the basis of cultural background, cultural norms of adaptivity, experiences, etc biopsychosocial model - Answers model of abnormality: attributes behavior and disorder development to intricate interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors -biology theories -psychology theories -social world theories` 3 biopsychosocial theories - Answers 1. biology matters (genes, brain functioning) 2. psychology matters (learned behaviors, patterns of thinking, early experience) 3. social world matters (family dynamics, cultural values, social support) assessment - Answers collection of relevant information to form a conclusion about a diagnosis and treatment plan 3 main categories of assessment - Answers 1. clinical interviews 2. tests 3. observations structured interview - Answers standardized clinical interview that everyone is getting in the exact same way, being asked the same questions in the same order semi-structured interview - Answers clinical interview that has set questions but can be asked in different order and be elaborated on if thought to be necessary unstructured interview - Answers clinical interview in which questions are based on each individual client's needs and situations; no guidelines projective test - Answers clinical test in which clients interpret vague and ambiguous stimuli, or follow open-ended instruction -psychodynamic theory: giving something neutral and getting back something meaningful ex. roscach inkblot tests, thematic perception tests (tell story about a picture) personality test - Answers clinical test in which respondents are asked to assess their own behavior, beliefs and feelings -interpreted with clinical interview using criterion keying ex. MMPI (567 self-statements in true/false form) response inventory - Answers clinical test using self-report questionnaires that focus on one specific area of functioning ex. beck depression inventory (21 question multiple choice) intelligence test - Answers clinical test in which intelligence can be measured -may be indicative of neurological problems -ADHD testing -troubled kids may seem unintelligent when they are not ex. stanford-binet intelligence scale, WAIS/WIC (determine IQ) psychophysiological test - Answers clinical test measuring physiological responses as indicators of psychological problems ex. measure HR, BP, temperature, galvanic skin response, polygraph