NSG 6660 Final Test Study Guide With
Complete Solutions
APN - ANSWER Advanced Practice Nurse; roles include NP, CNM, CNS, and
CRNA
Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) - ANSWER APN specializing in anesthesia care;
originated in the late 19th century, with the AANA founded in 1931 and
mandatory certification post-WWII
Nurse-Midwife (CNM) - ANSWER APN providing obstetrical, gynecological, and
primary care for women; evolved from lay and "granny" midwives, with
innovation from the Frontier Nursing Service (Mary Breckinridge, 1925)
Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) - ANSWER APN focused on specialized expert
care that addresses fragmented health services; developed from psychiatric
nursing and specialty clinical expertise
Nurse Practitioner (NP) - ANSWER APN providing primary care, particularly for
underserved populations; recognized as a "disruptive innovation" in expanding
access
Consensus Model (LACE) - ANSWER Framework for APRN regulation
encompassing Licensure, Accreditation, Certification, and Education
DNP - ANSWER Doctor of Nursing Practice; a practice-focused doctorate
designed to improve clinical competency and leadership skills
PhD in Nursing - ANSWER Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing; emphasizes
research and the generation of new knowledge
Structural-Functionalist Theory - ANSWER Theory that individual roles are
shaped by societal needs and structures
Symbolic Interactionism - ANSWER Theory emphasizing that role identity is
formed through interpersonal and cultural interactions
Benner's Model - ANSWER Five-level skill acquisition model: novice, advanced
beginner, competent, proficient, and expert
, Role Ambiguity - ANSWER Lack of clear job expectations that leads to stress
and confusion
Second-Order Change - ANSWER Permanent shift in attitudes and behaviors
integrated into one's role
Credentialing - ANSWER Process to verify an APN's qualifications through
licensure, education, and experience
Accreditation - ANSWER Formal review and approval of educational programs
or certifications by a recognized agency
Professional Career Portfolio - ANSWER A compilation of credentials, evidence,
and evaluations used for recertification and career advancement
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) - ANSWER Approach that integrates the best
evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values into care
Clinical Reasoning - ANSWER The process by which clinicians generate
alternatives and choose appropriate actions based on evidence
Quality Improvement - ANSWER A continuous process aimed at enhancing
safety, efficiency, and overall patient outcomes
IOM's Six Aims - ANSWER Quality care goals: Safe, Timely, Effective, Efficient,
Equitable, and Patient-centered
Performance Measurement - ANSWER Assessment of provider behavior and
processes compared to established benchmarks
Operating Budget - ANSWER Budget that details day-to-day costs and revenues
over a fiscal year
Capital Budget - ANSWER Budget set aside for long-term investments such as
facility improvements or major equipment
Variable Costs - ANSWER Expenses that fluctuate based on service volume,
such as medical supplies
Fixed Costs - ANSWER Expenses that remain constant regardless of volume,
such as rent or salaries
Nonoperating Revenue - ANSWER Revenue derived from investments,
philanthropy, and donations
Complete Solutions
APN - ANSWER Advanced Practice Nurse; roles include NP, CNM, CNS, and
CRNA
Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) - ANSWER APN specializing in anesthesia care;
originated in the late 19th century, with the AANA founded in 1931 and
mandatory certification post-WWII
Nurse-Midwife (CNM) - ANSWER APN providing obstetrical, gynecological, and
primary care for women; evolved from lay and "granny" midwives, with
innovation from the Frontier Nursing Service (Mary Breckinridge, 1925)
Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) - ANSWER APN focused on specialized expert
care that addresses fragmented health services; developed from psychiatric
nursing and specialty clinical expertise
Nurse Practitioner (NP) - ANSWER APN providing primary care, particularly for
underserved populations; recognized as a "disruptive innovation" in expanding
access
Consensus Model (LACE) - ANSWER Framework for APRN regulation
encompassing Licensure, Accreditation, Certification, and Education
DNP - ANSWER Doctor of Nursing Practice; a practice-focused doctorate
designed to improve clinical competency and leadership skills
PhD in Nursing - ANSWER Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing; emphasizes
research and the generation of new knowledge
Structural-Functionalist Theory - ANSWER Theory that individual roles are
shaped by societal needs and structures
Symbolic Interactionism - ANSWER Theory emphasizing that role identity is
formed through interpersonal and cultural interactions
Benner's Model - ANSWER Five-level skill acquisition model: novice, advanced
beginner, competent, proficient, and expert
, Role Ambiguity - ANSWER Lack of clear job expectations that leads to stress
and confusion
Second-Order Change - ANSWER Permanent shift in attitudes and behaviors
integrated into one's role
Credentialing - ANSWER Process to verify an APN's qualifications through
licensure, education, and experience
Accreditation - ANSWER Formal review and approval of educational programs
or certifications by a recognized agency
Professional Career Portfolio - ANSWER A compilation of credentials, evidence,
and evaluations used for recertification and career advancement
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) - ANSWER Approach that integrates the best
evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values into care
Clinical Reasoning - ANSWER The process by which clinicians generate
alternatives and choose appropriate actions based on evidence
Quality Improvement - ANSWER A continuous process aimed at enhancing
safety, efficiency, and overall patient outcomes
IOM's Six Aims - ANSWER Quality care goals: Safe, Timely, Effective, Efficient,
Equitable, and Patient-centered
Performance Measurement - ANSWER Assessment of provider behavior and
processes compared to established benchmarks
Operating Budget - ANSWER Budget that details day-to-day costs and revenues
over a fiscal year
Capital Budget - ANSWER Budget set aside for long-term investments such as
facility improvements or major equipment
Variable Costs - ANSWER Expenses that fluctuate based on service volume,
such as medical supplies
Fixed Costs - ANSWER Expenses that remain constant regardless of volume,
such as rent or salaries
Nonoperating Revenue - ANSWER Revenue derived from investments,
philanthropy, and donations
