BIOL 203
BIOL 203 Exam 2 Study Questions
with Correct Answers 2026 Update
Nutrition -Correct Answer ✔-Process by which nutrients are acquired from the
environment and used in cellular activities.
Macronutrients -Correct Answer ✔-Required in large quantities; play principal roles in
cell structure and metabolism (proteins, carbohydrates)
Essential Nutrients -Correct Answer ✔-Must be provided to an organism. Two
categories: macronutrients and Micronutrients (trace elements)
Organic Nutrients -Correct Answer ✔-contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are
usually the product of living things (methane, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids)
Inorganic Nutrients -Correct Answer ✔-Atom or molecule that contains a combination of
atoms other than carbon and hydrogen (metals and their salts, gases and water)
Heterotroph -Correct Answer ✔-Must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other
living organisms (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids)
Autotroph -Correct Answer ✔-An organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas as its
carbon source (not nutritionally dependent on other living things)
Chemotroph -Correct Answer ✔-Gains energy from chemical compounds
Phototroph -Correct Answer ✔-Gains energy through photosynthesis
Active Transport -Correct Answer ✔-Requires energy and carrier proteins; gradient
independent. Forms of active transport: carrier mediated, group translocation,
endocytosis/bulk transport. Note: transport is the movement of chemicals across the cell
membrane.
Passive Transport -Correct Answer ✔-Does not require energy; substances exist in a
gradient and move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower
concentration. Forms of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion. Note:
transport is the movement of chemicals across the cell membrane.
Diffusion -Correct Answer ✔-The molecule passes from one side of the membrane with
no assistance via protein or ATP. It is naturally traveling from an area of high
concentration to low concentration
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Osmosis -Correct Answer ✔-Water passes through the membrane from an area of high
water concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low water concentration
(high solute concentration.)
Facilitated Diffusion -Correct Answer ✔-A molecule passes through a membrane with
the help of a carrier protein. No ATP is involved and it travels from an area of high
concentration to low concentration, but the molecule is too large, bulky, polar, or
charged and cannot pass through the phospholipid portion of the membrane.
Carrier Mediated Transport -Correct Answer ✔-Special solute binding proteins pick up
the molecule and bring them to a transporter protein located in the membrane. ATP is
used to pump the molecule through the transporter protein.
Group Translocation -Correct Answer ✔-A molecule is captured by a protein carrier and
modified as it passes through the membrane.
Endocytosis -Correct Answer ✔-The entire membrane makes a pocket and eventual
vesicle and any molecules that are bound to the surface are brought inside the cell.
Binary Fission -Correct Answer ✔-The formation of two new cells of approximately
equal size as the result of parent cell division. This occurs during the bacteria cell
division cycle. The parent cell enlarges, duplicates its chromosome and forms a central
transverse septum that divides the cell into two daughter cell causing an increase in
population growth.
Phases of Bacterial Growth -Correct Answer ✔-4 major phases of bacterial growth as
follows: (1) lag phase; (2) log phase; (3) stationary phase; and (4) death phase.
Turbidity -Correct Answer ✔-The cloudy appearance of media when bacterial growth is
present. The amount of light that passes through the culture can be measured using a
spectrophotometer. Degree of turbidity reflects the relative population size.
Fastidious -Correct Answer ✔-Bacteria that require growth factors and complex
nutrients are said to be fastidious.
Obligate -Correct Answer ✔-An organism must have a certain environmental condition
Facultative -Correct Answer ✔-An organism is able to adjust to and tolerate the
environmental condition, but it can also live in other conditions
Acidophiles -Correct Answer ✔-Acidophiles
Neutrophiles -Correct Answer ✔-Most disease causing MO pH 5.4-8.0
BIOL 203
BIOL 203 Exam 2 Study Questions
with Correct Answers 2026 Update
Nutrition -Correct Answer ✔-Process by which nutrients are acquired from the
environment and used in cellular activities.
Macronutrients -Correct Answer ✔-Required in large quantities; play principal roles in
cell structure and metabolism (proteins, carbohydrates)
Essential Nutrients -Correct Answer ✔-Must be provided to an organism. Two
categories: macronutrients and Micronutrients (trace elements)
Organic Nutrients -Correct Answer ✔-contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are
usually the product of living things (methane, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids)
Inorganic Nutrients -Correct Answer ✔-Atom or molecule that contains a combination of
atoms other than carbon and hydrogen (metals and their salts, gases and water)
Heterotroph -Correct Answer ✔-Must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other
living organisms (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids)
Autotroph -Correct Answer ✔-An organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas as its
carbon source (not nutritionally dependent on other living things)
Chemotroph -Correct Answer ✔-Gains energy from chemical compounds
Phototroph -Correct Answer ✔-Gains energy through photosynthesis
Active Transport -Correct Answer ✔-Requires energy and carrier proteins; gradient
independent. Forms of active transport: carrier mediated, group translocation,
endocytosis/bulk transport. Note: transport is the movement of chemicals across the cell
membrane.
Passive Transport -Correct Answer ✔-Does not require energy; substances exist in a
gradient and move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower
concentration. Forms of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion. Note:
transport is the movement of chemicals across the cell membrane.
Diffusion -Correct Answer ✔-The molecule passes from one side of the membrane with
no assistance via protein or ATP. It is naturally traveling from an area of high
concentration to low concentration
BIOL 203
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Osmosis -Correct Answer ✔-Water passes through the membrane from an area of high
water concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low water concentration
(high solute concentration.)
Facilitated Diffusion -Correct Answer ✔-A molecule passes through a membrane with
the help of a carrier protein. No ATP is involved and it travels from an area of high
concentration to low concentration, but the molecule is too large, bulky, polar, or
charged and cannot pass through the phospholipid portion of the membrane.
Carrier Mediated Transport -Correct Answer ✔-Special solute binding proteins pick up
the molecule and bring them to a transporter protein located in the membrane. ATP is
used to pump the molecule through the transporter protein.
Group Translocation -Correct Answer ✔-A molecule is captured by a protein carrier and
modified as it passes through the membrane.
Endocytosis -Correct Answer ✔-The entire membrane makes a pocket and eventual
vesicle and any molecules that are bound to the surface are brought inside the cell.
Binary Fission -Correct Answer ✔-The formation of two new cells of approximately
equal size as the result of parent cell division. This occurs during the bacteria cell
division cycle. The parent cell enlarges, duplicates its chromosome and forms a central
transverse septum that divides the cell into two daughter cell causing an increase in
population growth.
Phases of Bacterial Growth -Correct Answer ✔-4 major phases of bacterial growth as
follows: (1) lag phase; (2) log phase; (3) stationary phase; and (4) death phase.
Turbidity -Correct Answer ✔-The cloudy appearance of media when bacterial growth is
present. The amount of light that passes through the culture can be measured using a
spectrophotometer. Degree of turbidity reflects the relative population size.
Fastidious -Correct Answer ✔-Bacteria that require growth factors and complex
nutrients are said to be fastidious.
Obligate -Correct Answer ✔-An organism must have a certain environmental condition
Facultative -Correct Answer ✔-An organism is able to adjust to and tolerate the
environmental condition, but it can also live in other conditions
Acidophiles -Correct Answer ✔-Acidophiles
Neutrophiles -Correct Answer ✔-Most disease causing MO pH 5.4-8.0
BIOL 203
