Bushong Chapter 1
In a physical analysis, all things can be classified as – answer matter or energy
Define matter - answer anything that occupies space and has mass
What is matter composed of? - answer atoms
Define mass - answer the quantity of matter contained in any physical object
Define weight - answer the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity
Mass is measured in what unit – answer kilograms (kg)
Define potential energy - answer the ability to do work by virtue of position
Define kinetic energy - answer the energy of motion
What are the 2 states of energy - answer potential and kinetic
List 5 forms of energy - answerchemical, electrical, thermal, nuclear, electromagnetic
What is chemical energy - answerenergy released by a chemical reaction
What is electrical energy - answerthe work that can be done when an electron moves
through an electric potential difference (voltage)
What is thermal energy (heat) - answerthe energy of motion at the molecular level
What is nuclear energy - answerthe energy that is contained within the nucleus of an
atom
What is electromagnetic energy - answerthe type of energy in x-rays, radio waves,
microwaves, and visible light
T/F: Energy can be transformed from one type to another. - answertrue
What is Einstein's mass-energy equivalence equation? - answerE=mc^2
Define radiation - answerthe transfer of energy through space
Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is said to be -
answerexposed or irradiated
, Define ionizing radiation - answera special type of radiation that includes x-rays
Define ionization - answerthe removal of an electron from an atom
What is an ion pair - answeran ionized atom and the electron separated from it
What forms of electromagnetic radiation are capable of ionization - answergamma,
ultraviolet, cosmic, and x-rays
What are the 2 main categories for sources of ionizing radiation - answernatural
environmental and man-made
List the 4 components of natural environmental radiation - answercosmic rays,
terrestrial radiation, internally deposited radionuclides, and radon
What are cosmic rays - answerparticulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the
sun and stars
What causes terrestrial radiation - answerdeposits of uranium, thorium, and other
radionuclides in the Earth
What is the largest source of natural environmental radiation - answerradon
What is radon - answera radioactive gas produced by the natural radioactive decay of
uranium
What materials contain radon - answerconcrete, bricks, gypsum wallboard, and other
earth-based materials
What does radon emit - answeralpha particles
What is the approx. average absorbed dose due to natural environmental radiation at
waist level in the United States - answer0.02 to 0.1 microgray/hr
What is the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation - answerdiagnostic x-rays
What percentage of our annual average radiation dose is attributable to medical
imaging - answer51%
List several other sources of man-made radiation - answernuclear power generation,
research applications, industrial sources, and consumer items
List some consumer products that contribute to our annual radiation dose -
answerwatch dials, exit signs, smoke detectors, camping lantern mantles, and airport
surveillance systems
In a physical analysis, all things can be classified as – answer matter or energy
Define matter - answer anything that occupies space and has mass
What is matter composed of? - answer atoms
Define mass - answer the quantity of matter contained in any physical object
Define weight - answer the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity
Mass is measured in what unit – answer kilograms (kg)
Define potential energy - answer the ability to do work by virtue of position
Define kinetic energy - answer the energy of motion
What are the 2 states of energy - answer potential and kinetic
List 5 forms of energy - answerchemical, electrical, thermal, nuclear, electromagnetic
What is chemical energy - answerenergy released by a chemical reaction
What is electrical energy - answerthe work that can be done when an electron moves
through an electric potential difference (voltage)
What is thermal energy (heat) - answerthe energy of motion at the molecular level
What is nuclear energy - answerthe energy that is contained within the nucleus of an
atom
What is electromagnetic energy - answerthe type of energy in x-rays, radio waves,
microwaves, and visible light
T/F: Energy can be transformed from one type to another. - answertrue
What is Einstein's mass-energy equivalence equation? - answerE=mc^2
Define radiation - answerthe transfer of energy through space
Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is said to be -
answerexposed or irradiated
, Define ionizing radiation - answera special type of radiation that includes x-rays
Define ionization - answerthe removal of an electron from an atom
What is an ion pair - answeran ionized atom and the electron separated from it
What forms of electromagnetic radiation are capable of ionization - answergamma,
ultraviolet, cosmic, and x-rays
What are the 2 main categories for sources of ionizing radiation - answernatural
environmental and man-made
List the 4 components of natural environmental radiation - answercosmic rays,
terrestrial radiation, internally deposited radionuclides, and radon
What are cosmic rays - answerparticulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the
sun and stars
What causes terrestrial radiation - answerdeposits of uranium, thorium, and other
radionuclides in the Earth
What is the largest source of natural environmental radiation - answerradon
What is radon - answera radioactive gas produced by the natural radioactive decay of
uranium
What materials contain radon - answerconcrete, bricks, gypsum wallboard, and other
earth-based materials
What does radon emit - answeralpha particles
What is the approx. average absorbed dose due to natural environmental radiation at
waist level in the United States - answer0.02 to 0.1 microgray/hr
What is the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation - answerdiagnostic x-rays
What percentage of our annual average radiation dose is attributable to medical
imaging - answer51%
List several other sources of man-made radiation - answernuclear power generation,
research applications, industrial sources, and consumer items
List some consumer products that contribute to our annual radiation dose -
answerwatch dials, exit signs, smoke detectors, camping lantern mantles, and airport
surveillance systems
