MDC II FINAL EXAM (RASMUSSEN)
NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM TEST
BANK| MDC 2 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
WITH COMPLETE 400 REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+ (MOST RECENT!!)
Q1. A nurse is explaining the stages of cancer development to a patient.
Place the following stages in the correct order: Initiation, Promotion,
Metastasis, Progression.
A) Initiation → Promotion → Progression → Metastasis
B) Promotion → Initiation → Progression → Metastasis
C) Initiation → Progression → Promotion → Metastasis
D) Promotion → Progression → Initiation → Metastasis
Correct Answer: A) Initiation → Promotion → Progression → Metastasis
Rationale: Carcinogenesis follows a specific sequence. Initiation is the first
step, where a normal cell's DNA is irreversibly
damaged. Promotion follows, where the initiated cell is stimulated to
multiply. Progression occurs as the tumor grows and becomes more
aggressive. Finally, Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to distant sites
in the body.
,Q2. During which stage of carcinogenesis does a normal cell become
irreversibly damaged, leading to cancer development?
A) Promotion
B) Progression
C) Initiation
D) Metastasis
Correct Answer: C) Initiation
Rationale: The Initiation stage is defined by an irreversible genetic
alteration in a cell's DNA, which can be caused by carcinogens (e.g.,
tobacco smoke, UV radiation). This is the initial, permanent change that sets
the cell on the path to becoming cancerous.
Q3. A patient asks, "What does it mean when my doctor says the tumor is
benign?" Which response by the nurse is most accurate?
A) "A benign tumor is normal cells growing in the wrong place at the wrong
time, but they are not cancerous."
B) "A benign tumor will kill you, whereas a malignant tumor cannot."
C) "A benign tumor has undergone apoptosis, whereas a malignant tumor
has not."
D) "A benign tumor is cancer that has spread to other parts of the body."
Correct Answer: A) "A benign tumor is normal cells growing in the wrong
place at the wrong time, but they are not cancerous."
Rationale: A benign tumor is characterized by localized, non-cancerous
growth. Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not invade
,surrounding tissue or metastasize to distant sites, and they are rarely life-
threatening unless their location impairs vital organ function.
Q4. A client is newly diagnosed with cancer and asks about treatment
options. Which response by the nurse demonstrates patient-centered care?
A) "The treatment plan will depend on the stage and type of cancer."
B) "The doctor will decide the best treatment plan for you."
C) "Let's discuss your options so you can make an informed decision."
D) "Don't worry; the team has everything under control."
Correct Answer: C) "Let's discuss your options so you can make an
informed decision."
Rationale: Patient-centered care emphasizes shared decision-making and
empowers the client to be an active participant in their own care. This
response directly invites the client into the conversation, promoting
autonomy and informed consent.
Q5. A client undergoing chemotherapy reports nausea and loss of appetite.
What is the nurse's priority intervention?
A) Recommend small, bland meals.
B) Advise the client to avoid eating before treatment.
C) Administer prescribed antiemetic medication.
D) Encourage fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
Correct Answer: C) Administer prescribed antiemetic medication.
, Rationale: While all options are valid components of care, administering a
prescribed antiemetic is the priority intervention for managing
chemotherapy-induced nausea. Antiemetics directly address the symptom's
cause and are the most effective first-line treatment to improve the
patient's quality of life and nutritional status.
Q6. Which genetic mutation is most commonly associated with an
increased risk of breast cancer?
A) TP53
B) BRCA1 or BRCA2
C) HER2
D) APC
Correct Answer: B) BRCA1 or BRCA2
Rationale: Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor
suppressor genes significantly increase the lifetime risk for developing
breast and ovarian cancers. While other mutations exist, these are the most
well-known and commonly associated with hereditary breast cancer
syndromes.
Q7. A nurse is assessing a client with suspected cancer. Which symptom is a
warning sign according to the CAUTION acronym?
A) Sudden weight gain
B) Persistent indigestion
C) Unusual bleeding or discharge
D) Intermittent fever
NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM TEST
BANK| MDC 2 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
WITH COMPLETE 400 REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+ (MOST RECENT!!)
Q1. A nurse is explaining the stages of cancer development to a patient.
Place the following stages in the correct order: Initiation, Promotion,
Metastasis, Progression.
A) Initiation → Promotion → Progression → Metastasis
B) Promotion → Initiation → Progression → Metastasis
C) Initiation → Progression → Promotion → Metastasis
D) Promotion → Progression → Initiation → Metastasis
Correct Answer: A) Initiation → Promotion → Progression → Metastasis
Rationale: Carcinogenesis follows a specific sequence. Initiation is the first
step, where a normal cell's DNA is irreversibly
damaged. Promotion follows, where the initiated cell is stimulated to
multiply. Progression occurs as the tumor grows and becomes more
aggressive. Finally, Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to distant sites
in the body.
,Q2. During which stage of carcinogenesis does a normal cell become
irreversibly damaged, leading to cancer development?
A) Promotion
B) Progression
C) Initiation
D) Metastasis
Correct Answer: C) Initiation
Rationale: The Initiation stage is defined by an irreversible genetic
alteration in a cell's DNA, which can be caused by carcinogens (e.g.,
tobacco smoke, UV radiation). This is the initial, permanent change that sets
the cell on the path to becoming cancerous.
Q3. A patient asks, "What does it mean when my doctor says the tumor is
benign?" Which response by the nurse is most accurate?
A) "A benign tumor is normal cells growing in the wrong place at the wrong
time, but they are not cancerous."
B) "A benign tumor will kill you, whereas a malignant tumor cannot."
C) "A benign tumor has undergone apoptosis, whereas a malignant tumor
has not."
D) "A benign tumor is cancer that has spread to other parts of the body."
Correct Answer: A) "A benign tumor is normal cells growing in the wrong
place at the wrong time, but they are not cancerous."
Rationale: A benign tumor is characterized by localized, non-cancerous
growth. Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not invade
,surrounding tissue or metastasize to distant sites, and they are rarely life-
threatening unless their location impairs vital organ function.
Q4. A client is newly diagnosed with cancer and asks about treatment
options. Which response by the nurse demonstrates patient-centered care?
A) "The treatment plan will depend on the stage and type of cancer."
B) "The doctor will decide the best treatment plan for you."
C) "Let's discuss your options so you can make an informed decision."
D) "Don't worry; the team has everything under control."
Correct Answer: C) "Let's discuss your options so you can make an
informed decision."
Rationale: Patient-centered care emphasizes shared decision-making and
empowers the client to be an active participant in their own care. This
response directly invites the client into the conversation, promoting
autonomy and informed consent.
Q5. A client undergoing chemotherapy reports nausea and loss of appetite.
What is the nurse's priority intervention?
A) Recommend small, bland meals.
B) Advise the client to avoid eating before treatment.
C) Administer prescribed antiemetic medication.
D) Encourage fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
Correct Answer: C) Administer prescribed antiemetic medication.
, Rationale: While all options are valid components of care, administering a
prescribed antiemetic is the priority intervention for managing
chemotherapy-induced nausea. Antiemetics directly address the symptom's
cause and are the most effective first-line treatment to improve the
patient's quality of life and nutritional status.
Q6. Which genetic mutation is most commonly associated with an
increased risk of breast cancer?
A) TP53
B) BRCA1 or BRCA2
C) HER2
D) APC
Correct Answer: B) BRCA1 or BRCA2
Rationale: Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor
suppressor genes significantly increase the lifetime risk for developing
breast and ovarian cancers. While other mutations exist, these are the most
well-known and commonly associated with hereditary breast cancer
syndromes.
Q7. A nurse is assessing a client with suspected cancer. Which symptom is a
warning sign according to the CAUTION acronym?
A) Sudden weight gain
B) Persistent indigestion
C) Unusual bleeding or discharge
D) Intermittent fever
