DATA MANAGEMENT
FOUNDATIONS OA 2025 UPDATED
EXAM | 400 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES .A+ GRADED
MATERIAL.
In what two ways does a DBMS environment increase effectiveness in working with
data? - answers - Enables Data Sharing
- Storage of vast volumes of data
A company posts an internet-based newsletter about their products. What advantage
will this company gain from the relational database management system that will store
customer information? - answers Improved query response time
What is the method of organizing attributes into tables? - answers Data
NORMALIZATION
What should a company expect from implementing a business intelligence system? -
answers - Financial: Increased profitability
- Productivity: Increased throughput, decreased workloads
- Trust: greater satisfaction
- Risk: improved visibility
What is a relational model? - answers A database model based on mathematical
principles
What are the 3 mathematical concepts of the relational model? - answers - Domain
- Tuple
- Relation
Define: Domain - answers Set of values = 'Data Type'
Define: Tuple - answers Finite sequence of values pulled from a fixed domain = 'Row'
Define: Relation - answers A named set of tuples, all from same domain = 'Table'
, A tuple position is called a: - answers Attribute
How is cardinality depicted in a diagram for many, one, and zero? - answers - Many =
Crow's Foot
- One = a bar across the end of a relationship (--||--)
- Zero = Circle
Difference between Unary and Binary: - answers - Unary: One entity involved in
relationship (one box, one line)
- Binary: Two entities (two boxes combined by one line)
If an entity is mandatory, how is it depicted in an ER diagram? - answers With a single
vertical line through the relationship line
What does an 'M' mean when shown on an entity in an ER diagram? - answers
Mandatory
What does a 'PI' mean when shown on an entity in an ER diagram? - answers Primary
Identifier - used for attribute(s) that uniquely identify the whole entity
How are maxima and minima depicted in an ER diagram? - answers Maxima is the first
letter/number shown (outside of the entity) and Minima is the letter next to it in
parentheses
Define: Singular Attribute - answers Each entity instance has at most ONE attribute
instance
Define: Plural Attribute - answers Each entity instance can have MANY attribute
instances
Define: Unique Attribute - answers Each attribute instance describes only ONE entity
instance
How do entity and attribute maxima appear in an ER diagram? - answers As M or 1
following the attribute name
What combination of entity and attribute maxima/minima is considered unique? -
answers If the first number is a 1
What combination of entity and attribute maxima/minima is considered singular? -
answers If the second number is 1
What combination of entity and attribute maxima/minima is considered plural? - answers
If the second number is M
Define: Select Operation - answers Selects table rows based in logical expression (σ)
FOUNDATIONS OA 2025 UPDATED
EXAM | 400 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES .A+ GRADED
MATERIAL.
In what two ways does a DBMS environment increase effectiveness in working with
data? - answers - Enables Data Sharing
- Storage of vast volumes of data
A company posts an internet-based newsletter about their products. What advantage
will this company gain from the relational database management system that will store
customer information? - answers Improved query response time
What is the method of organizing attributes into tables? - answers Data
NORMALIZATION
What should a company expect from implementing a business intelligence system? -
answers - Financial: Increased profitability
- Productivity: Increased throughput, decreased workloads
- Trust: greater satisfaction
- Risk: improved visibility
What is a relational model? - answers A database model based on mathematical
principles
What are the 3 mathematical concepts of the relational model? - answers - Domain
- Tuple
- Relation
Define: Domain - answers Set of values = 'Data Type'
Define: Tuple - answers Finite sequence of values pulled from a fixed domain = 'Row'
Define: Relation - answers A named set of tuples, all from same domain = 'Table'
, A tuple position is called a: - answers Attribute
How is cardinality depicted in a diagram for many, one, and zero? - answers - Many =
Crow's Foot
- One = a bar across the end of a relationship (--||--)
- Zero = Circle
Difference between Unary and Binary: - answers - Unary: One entity involved in
relationship (one box, one line)
- Binary: Two entities (two boxes combined by one line)
If an entity is mandatory, how is it depicted in an ER diagram? - answers With a single
vertical line through the relationship line
What does an 'M' mean when shown on an entity in an ER diagram? - answers
Mandatory
What does a 'PI' mean when shown on an entity in an ER diagram? - answers Primary
Identifier - used for attribute(s) that uniquely identify the whole entity
How are maxima and minima depicted in an ER diagram? - answers Maxima is the first
letter/number shown (outside of the entity) and Minima is the letter next to it in
parentheses
Define: Singular Attribute - answers Each entity instance has at most ONE attribute
instance
Define: Plural Attribute - answers Each entity instance can have MANY attribute
instances
Define: Unique Attribute - answers Each attribute instance describes only ONE entity
instance
How do entity and attribute maxima appear in an ER diagram? - answers As M or 1
following the attribute name
What combination of entity and attribute maxima/minima is considered unique? -
answers If the first number is a 1
What combination of entity and attribute maxima/minima is considered singular? -
answers If the second number is 1
What combination of entity and attribute maxima/minima is considered plural? - answers
If the second number is M
Define: Select Operation - answers Selects table rows based in logical expression (σ)
