HOSA Pathophysiology Final Exam
with All Actual Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
pathology - Answer the scientific study of disease
asymptomatic - Answer without symptoms
syndrome - Answer A group of symptoms typical of a particular disease or condition
symptoms - Answer subjective findings
signs - Answer objective findings
predisposing factors - Answer risk factors; make a person vulnerable to a disease
chronic - Answer A condition that develops slowly and lasts a long period of time
acute - Answer A condition with a rapid onset with a short course (less than 6 months)
ending in recovery or death
pathogenesis - Answer the stages of development of a disease
C-reactive protein - Answer protein produced by the liver, levels of CRP increase when
inflammation is present in the body; a blood test can be done to detect inflammation in the
body
Widespread inflammation - Answer marked by systemic symptoms, such as fever, malaise,
and loss of appetite, elevated white blood cells
ESR - Answer Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; measures the rate that red blood cells fall to
the bottom of a tube in mm/hr. Rate is higher w/ autoimmune disorders. Measures amount of
inflammation in the body, can be used to help with diagnoses.
Acute inflammation - Answer a normal, protective physiologic response to tissue injury and
disease; is accompanied by redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function
,ischemia - Answer holding back/obstructing the flow of blood
exudative response/ inflammation exudate - Answer attempts to wall off, or destroy, and
digest bacteria and dead/foreign material; this in tissues causes swelling and the excess fluid
puts pressure on tissue and nerve endings, causing pain.
phagocytic - Answer the process in which cells surround and digest certain particles
Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - Answer "superbug" that is to
blame for aggressive skin & soft tissue infections, quickly developing into abscesses and
cellulitis; sometimes called "flesh-eating bacteria".
autosomes - Answer the 22 remaining pairs of chromosomes
genotype - Answer an organism's genetic makeup
karyotype - Answer a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
phenotype - Answer an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
autosomal dominant - Answer the gene in question is located on an autosome & the mutant
phenotype is seen even if a normal gene is present (eg- Huntington's and Marfan's syndrome)
autosomal recessive - Answer gene located on an autosome but is insufficient to produce
mutant phenotype unless both genes are inherited (eg- cystic fibrosis & phenylketonuria).
X-linked (sex linked) - Answer recessive; the gene is located only on the X chromosome:
more common in males. (eg- Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and hemophilia A).
neoplasm - Answer A new growth of different or abnormal tissue, such as a tumor or wart;
can be benign or malignant
cancer - Answer a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation
carcinoma - Answer cancer of the epithelial cells
sarcoma - Answer cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle.
, leukemia - Answer cancer of the blood-forming organs. Bone marrow, spleen, lymph system,
characterized by abnormal increase of WBCs
melanoma - Answer cancer of the melanin-producing cells of the body (skin cancer)
benign tumors - Answer slow growth by expansion, encapsulated; cells adhere to e/o; well
differentiated & resemble origin; remain localized, no destruction, no hemorrhage, may be
smooth and movable, rare recurrence
malignant tumor - Answer rapid growth & invasive; not differentiated & abnormal;
ulceration & necrosis & hemorrhage: often recur.
metastasis - Answer spreading of a malignant disease or pathogenic microbe from one organ
or part to another not directly connected to it.
cancer stage - Answer reflects tumor size and extent of tumor spread: helps determine
choice of treatment options and prognosis; method that institutions use to communicate
patient information for standardization.
neoadjuvant therapy - Answer administered to preoperatively shrink the tumor to facilitate
surgical removal of a tumor.
ablation - Answer the removal, especially of organs, abnormal growths, or harmful
substances, from the body by mechanical means, as by surgery.
oncogenes - Answer a gene in a virus that can prompt a cell to turn malignant
immune disorders may generate one of three effects: - Answer hypersensitivity (allergy),
autoimmune diseases(immune system is overactive and kills its own cells), immunodeficiency
disorders (immune system is absent or reduced activity)
kwashiorkor - Answer a protein-calorie malnutrition, the starvation associated with famine
immunosenescence - Answer gradual deterioration of the functions of the immune system;
associated with aging
hyperlipidemia - Answer high cholesterol
with All Actual Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
pathology - Answer the scientific study of disease
asymptomatic - Answer without symptoms
syndrome - Answer A group of symptoms typical of a particular disease or condition
symptoms - Answer subjective findings
signs - Answer objective findings
predisposing factors - Answer risk factors; make a person vulnerable to a disease
chronic - Answer A condition that develops slowly and lasts a long period of time
acute - Answer A condition with a rapid onset with a short course (less than 6 months)
ending in recovery or death
pathogenesis - Answer the stages of development of a disease
C-reactive protein - Answer protein produced by the liver, levels of CRP increase when
inflammation is present in the body; a blood test can be done to detect inflammation in the
body
Widespread inflammation - Answer marked by systemic symptoms, such as fever, malaise,
and loss of appetite, elevated white blood cells
ESR - Answer Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; measures the rate that red blood cells fall to
the bottom of a tube in mm/hr. Rate is higher w/ autoimmune disorders. Measures amount of
inflammation in the body, can be used to help with diagnoses.
Acute inflammation - Answer a normal, protective physiologic response to tissue injury and
disease; is accompanied by redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function
,ischemia - Answer holding back/obstructing the flow of blood
exudative response/ inflammation exudate - Answer attempts to wall off, or destroy, and
digest bacteria and dead/foreign material; this in tissues causes swelling and the excess fluid
puts pressure on tissue and nerve endings, causing pain.
phagocytic - Answer the process in which cells surround and digest certain particles
Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - Answer "superbug" that is to
blame for aggressive skin & soft tissue infections, quickly developing into abscesses and
cellulitis; sometimes called "flesh-eating bacteria".
autosomes - Answer the 22 remaining pairs of chromosomes
genotype - Answer an organism's genetic makeup
karyotype - Answer a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
phenotype - Answer an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
autosomal dominant - Answer the gene in question is located on an autosome & the mutant
phenotype is seen even if a normal gene is present (eg- Huntington's and Marfan's syndrome)
autosomal recessive - Answer gene located on an autosome but is insufficient to produce
mutant phenotype unless both genes are inherited (eg- cystic fibrosis & phenylketonuria).
X-linked (sex linked) - Answer recessive; the gene is located only on the X chromosome:
more common in males. (eg- Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and hemophilia A).
neoplasm - Answer A new growth of different or abnormal tissue, such as a tumor or wart;
can be benign or malignant
cancer - Answer a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation
carcinoma - Answer cancer of the epithelial cells
sarcoma - Answer cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle.
, leukemia - Answer cancer of the blood-forming organs. Bone marrow, spleen, lymph system,
characterized by abnormal increase of WBCs
melanoma - Answer cancer of the melanin-producing cells of the body (skin cancer)
benign tumors - Answer slow growth by expansion, encapsulated; cells adhere to e/o; well
differentiated & resemble origin; remain localized, no destruction, no hemorrhage, may be
smooth and movable, rare recurrence
malignant tumor - Answer rapid growth & invasive; not differentiated & abnormal;
ulceration & necrosis & hemorrhage: often recur.
metastasis - Answer spreading of a malignant disease or pathogenic microbe from one organ
or part to another not directly connected to it.
cancer stage - Answer reflects tumor size and extent of tumor spread: helps determine
choice of treatment options and prognosis; method that institutions use to communicate
patient information for standardization.
neoadjuvant therapy - Answer administered to preoperatively shrink the tumor to facilitate
surgical removal of a tumor.
ablation - Answer the removal, especially of organs, abnormal growths, or harmful
substances, from the body by mechanical means, as by surgery.
oncogenes - Answer a gene in a virus that can prompt a cell to turn malignant
immune disorders may generate one of three effects: - Answer hypersensitivity (allergy),
autoimmune diseases(immune system is overactive and kills its own cells), immunodeficiency
disorders (immune system is absent or reduced activity)
kwashiorkor - Answer a protein-calorie malnutrition, the starvation associated with famine
immunosenescence - Answer gradual deterioration of the functions of the immune system;
associated with aging
hyperlipidemia - Answer high cholesterol
